1、外研版英语八(下)Module 3 Journey to space知识点详解Unit 2 We have not found life on any other planets yet.(A2).【知识点再现】Scientists think that there has been life on the earth for hundreds of millions of years. 科学家认为地球上的生命已经有亿万年了。【知识点1】【辨析】on the earth与on earth的用法辨析:on the earth意为“在地球上”。如:We live on the earth. 我们生
2、活在地球上。on earth意为“究竟,到底;世界上;天底下”。如:What on earth are you crying for? 你究竟哭什么?/ Why on earth did you tell a lie? 你究竟为什么撒谎?He runs fastest on earth. 他是世界上跑得最快的人。/ All men on earth are human brothers. 四海之内皆兄弟。【知识点2】hundreds of millions of =billions of 意为“数十亿;数以十亿计”。其中hundreds of意为“数百,成百上千”,millions of意为“
3、数百万;成百万上千万”,都表示约数。如:This palace is hundreds of years old. 这座宫殿有数百年的历史了。There are millions of people in this city. 这座城市有数百万人口。【拓展】数量的表达:表示确数:“基数词+计数单位(hundred, thousand, million, billion)+名词复数”,意为“几百/千/百万/十亿”。如:There are eight hundred students in our school. 我们学校有八百个学生。表示概数:“计数单位的复数(hundreds, thousan
4、ds, millions, billions)+of+名词复数”,意为“数百/千/百万/十亿或成百上千/成千上万/成百万上千万/成十亿上百亿”。如:There are billions of stars in the Galaxy, and our sun is only one of them. 银河系中有数十亿颗恒星,我们的太阳只是其中的一个。(A2).【知识点再现】The Earth is a planet and it goes around the Sun. Seven other planets also go around the sun. 地球是颗行星,它围绕着太阳转。还有其他
5、七颗行星也围绕着太阳转。【知识点3】太阳系的其他七颗行星:水星(Mercury)、金星(Venus)、火星(Mars)、木星(Jupiter)、土星(Saturn)、天王星(Uranus)、海王星(Neptune)。【知识点4】go around 意为“绕着转”。如:The moon goes around the earth. 月球绕着地球转。(A2).【知识点再现】None of them has an environment like that of the earth, so scientists do not think they will find life on them. 他们
6、中没有一个有像地球这样的环境,因此科学家认为在他们上面找不到生命。【知识点5】none意为“没有人/东西,一点儿也没有”,既可以指人也可以指物,常暗示一定范围,因此通常与表范围的of短语连用,none of意为“(三个以上)中没有一个”,与不可数名词连用作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,none of 与可数名词复数或代词复数连用作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式,none与数量有关,常用来回答以how many或how much引导的特殊疑问句。如:None of us enjoy/enjoys getting up early. 我们中间没人喜欢早起。None of that mo
7、ney on the table is mine. 桌上没有一分钱是我的。- How many people are there in that room? 那个房间里有几个人? - None. 一个人也没有。【知识点6】本句为含有think 的主从复合句,即“主语+think+宾语从句”。当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose(猜测,认为)等,而主句的主语又是第一人称时,后面宾语从句的定词常要前移,即否定主句的谓语动词。我们称这类现象为“否定转移(前移)”。如:翻译:我们认为Tom是不对的。I dont think Tom is right.I think chic
8、ken can swim.(变否定句)I dont think chicken can swim.I think its going to rain this afternoon.(变否定句)I dont think its going to rain this afternoon. (A2).【知识点再现】The sun and its planets are called the solar system.太阳和它的行星被叫做太阳系【知识点7】be called意为“被叫做”,表被动。一般现在时的被动语态的构成是:am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词。如:The room is ofte
9、n cleaned by us. 房间经常被我们打扫。The boys are often taken to the workplace by their parents. 这些男孩经常被他们的父母带到工作场所来。(A2).【知识点再现】 our solar system is a small part of a much larger group of stars and planets, called the Galaxy or the Milky Way. 我们的太阳系只是一个由恒星和行星组成的星系的一小部分,这个星系比太阳系大得多,称作银河系或银河。【知识点8】a small part
10、 of意为“的一小部分”。如:Our world is a small part of the universe. 我们的世界是宇宙的一小部分。【知识点9】这里的the Galaxy专指“银河系”,也可以称作the Milky Way。而galaxy则泛指“星系”。如:Scientists have discovered a distant galaxy. 科学家们发现了一个遥远的星系。(A2).【知识点再现】They are very far away and their light has to travel for many years to reach us. 它们离我们很遥远,它们的
11、光必须要经过很多年才能到达地球。【知识点10】be far away意为“遥远”,后面不跟地点。如My school is far away. 我的学校很远。/ Bejing is very far away. 北京很遥远。【拓展】be far away from意为“离远”,后面跟地点,只表示距离,away可省去。如:The school is far (away) from my home. 学校离我家很远。(A2).【知识点再现】So how large is the universe? Its impossible to imagine. 所以宇宙有多大?我们无从想象。【知识点11】句
12、型:Its+adj.+(of/for)sb. to do sth. 意为“(某人)做某事是的”。It 是形式主语,不定式结构是真正主语。of/for后面的sb. 是不定式的逻辑主语。当形容词是可修饰人的形容词,即sb. 和adj.有主系表关系时,sb. 前用of。这样的形容词有:kind, nice, rude, clever, silly, foolish等。如:Its very kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太好了。Its clever of you to answer the question so quickly. 你这么快就回答这个问题真是太聪明了。当形容
13、词是不可以修饰人的形容词,即sb. 和adj. 没有主系表关系时,sb. 前用for。这样的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult, important, necessary, dangerous等。如:It is difficult for me to read these words. 读这些单词对于我来说很难。【知识点12】impossible是形容词,意外“(事情)办不到的;不可能的”,是由形容词possible(可能的)加上否定前缀im-构成的,表示“不可能的”时,impossible的主语不能是人,而只能是it或事情。如: Its impossible for fis
14、h to walk. 鱼是不可能走路的。/ Its impossible for me to do so. 我是不可能那么做得。【知识点13】imagine是动词,意为“想象,设想”。其用名词形式为imagination想象,想象力;其形容词形式为imaginary想象的,虚构的。其常用搭配:imagine sth. 意为“想象某事”;imagine doing sth. 意为“想象做某事”;imagine+that/what 意为“想象”。如:Can you imagine life in the 22nd century? 你能想象第二十二世纪的生活吗?Little Tom always
15、imagines becoming a scientist. 小汤姆总是想象着成为一名科学家。Can you imagine what life will be like in the 50 years time? 你能想象50年以后的生活将会是什么样的吗?(A2).【知识点再现】However, no spaceship has travelled far enough to reach other stars in our Galaxy. 但是没有一架宇宙飞船旅行到足以到达我们银河系其他恒星附近那么远的地方。【知识点14】far enough to reach意为“足够远可以到达”。该结构
16、是:“形容词/副词+enough to do sth.”意为“足够,可以做”。其否定形式为:not+形容词/副词+enough to do sth. 意为“不够,不可以做”。如:He is strong enough to carry the big box. 他足够强壮,可以搬运那个大箱子。【拓展】enough作形容词修饰名词时,通常放在名词前,enough作副词修饰形容词、副词和动词时,总是放在所修饰的词后。如:Jack walks fast enough. 杰克走得足够快。The dining hall is big enough to hold 300 hundred people.
17、这个餐厅足够大,可以容纳300人。(A2).【知识点再现】Scientists have always asked the questions: with so many stars in the universe, are we alone, or is there life out there in space? 科学家们总是在问这样的问题:宇宙中有这么多恒星,我们是孤独的吗?抑或太空中还有其他生命存在呢?【知识点15】【辨析】question与problem的用法辨析:question指说话者由于对某事感到疑惑不解而提出的需要解答的问题,它常与动词ask或answer连用。如:May I
18、 ask you some questions? 我可以问你一些问题吗?problem指说话者认为难以解决的问题,它与动词solve或settle(解决)搭配。如:The problem is difficult to be solved. 这个问题很难解决。【知识点16】“with+名词+介词短语”,表示伴随情况,意思是“带着”。如:Mr. Zhang is coming with a book in his hands. 张老师手里带着一书进来了。【知识点17】【辨析】alone与lonely的用法辨析:alone是形容词,意为“独自的,单独的”,充当表语;还可作副词,意为“单独地, 独自
19、地”,表示客观上一个人,无感情色彩,充当状语。如:She was alone in that dark room. 她独自一人呆在那黑屋子里。/ He lives alone. 他单独居住。lonely是形容词,意为“孤独的;寂寞的”,表示主观上感到孤独、寂寞,有较浓的感情色彩,指因缺少朋友、同情、友谊等产生的一种悲伤和忧郁的感情,在句中作表语或定语。作定语时,意为“荒凉;偏僻”,多修饰表示地点的名词。如:He lives alone, but he doesnt feel lonely. 他单独居住,但是他并不感到寂寞。There is a lonely house in the count
20、ry. 有一间孤零零的房子在乡下。(A2).【知识点再现】Why has no one communicated with us? 为什么没有人和我们联系呢?【知识点18】no one = nobody 意为“没有人;什么人也没有”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,只指人,不能与of短语连用,常用来回答以who引导的特殊疑问句。如:No one (=Nobody) knows about it. 没有人了解此事。/ No one (=Nobody) likes this kind of book. 没有人喜欢这种书。- Who was late today? 今天谁迟到了? - No one.
21、谁也没有迟到。【知识点19】communicate with sb. 意为“和某人交流/交谈;和某人联系”。communicate是动词,意为“联系;交流”,其名词形式为communication。如:My parents often communicate with me. 我父母常常和我交流。The deaf and mute communicate by sign language. 聋哑人用手势语交流。Unit 3 Language in use(A6).【知识点再现】Ive just finished reading a great book at school. 我刚刚在学校读完了
22、一本极好的书。【知识点1】finish 是动词,意为“完成”。finish作及物动词时,后可接名词、人称代词宾格或动名词作宾语,finish doing sth. 意为“做完某事;完成某事”。如:I have finished reading the book. 我读完了这边书。/ He doesnt finish doing his homework. 他没有做完他的家庭作业。【拓展】后面可跟名词(词组)或动名词形式作宾语的词还有:practise, miss, mind, avoid, imagine, enjoy, keep, give up, look forward to等。(A6)
23、.【知识点再现】I havent read anything as good as that for a long time. 我很久没有读像它样样好的东西了。【知识点2】asas意为“和一样”,用来表示同级比较,第一个as后接形容词或副词的原级,第二个as后接从句(往往只保留作比较的对象)。否定形式为:not so/asas意为“比不上;不如”,表示前者不如后者。如:Peter is as tall as me. 皮特和我一样高。/ This car runs as quickly as that car. 这辆车跑得和那辆车一样快。Lucy doesnt draw so/as well a
24、s Lily. 露西画的画不如莉莉的好。(A6).【知识点再现】I havent met anyone famous in my life 在我一生中我没有遇到过任何名人。【知识点3】anyone famous意为“任何名人”,anyone是不定代词,当形容词修饰不定代词时,形容词要放在不定代词的后面,叫做“不定代词定语后置”。如:Is there anything interesting in todays newspaper. 今天的报子上有什么有趣的新闻吗?【知识点4】in ones life 意为“一生中,一辈子”。如:A college education is of great v
25、alue in my life. 高等教育在我的一生中很重要。(Around the world).【知识点再现】For example, in English, Saturday is named after the planet Saturn, the sixth planet from the sun. 例如,在英语中,星期六是以太阳系的第六颗行星土星的名字命名的。【知识点5】be named after“以命名”;是常用的英国用法,美国人多用be named for。如:The child was named after his grandfather. 这个小孩是以他祖父的名字命名的。【拓展】name sb.+名字,意为“给某人取名”。如:They named their son William. 他们给儿子取名威廉。4