1、四、推理判断类 1.推理判断类题型特点在阅读理解中，推理就是要求考生在理解文章中直接陈述的观点或描述的事实的基础上，领悟作者的言外之意，得出符合作者意愿的结论，即根据作者暗示的内容，推断出合理的结论。推理题通常有三种类型：(1)根据原文某个或是几个句子，经过正推理，得出正确答案，一般为以下模式：If A is B，C is D.(2)根据原文某个或几个句子，经过反推理，得出问题的正确答案：If A is B，C is not D./If A is not B，C is D.(3)根据虚拟或假设与原文完全不符的条件可能发生的后果，并以此作为正确选项来提问。推理题常见的题型有：(1)It can
2、be inferred/concluded from the passage that.(2)What does the author probably mean by“”？(3)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?(4)Where would this passage most probably appear/be found?(5)From the last paragraph，we infer/learn/conclude that.(6)By the first sentence of the passage，the author
3、 means that.(7)Whats the authors attitude toward？(8)The author uses the example of.to show that.(9)The writer suggests that.(10)In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?2.推理判断类阅读理解的备考策略在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可用 scanning 方法，迅
4、速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对细节的推断可能要求针对某一句话，推断出其意义或某一事实。针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证、原因与结果、主观点与次观点。在推理判断时要牢记以下几点：(1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息或推论依据进行推理，千万不能掺杂自己的主观想法或经验，一切以文章为准；(2)如果某选项中的内容只是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案；(3)如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案；(4)如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文章
5、中提到，但很片面或不完整，那它也不是正确答案；(5)文中的虚拟语气和情态动词往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案；(6)注意作者在文中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too，excessively，rather 等，则常常带有否定的口气；(7)某些过渡词(例如：however，but，on the contrary，whats more)后面所表达的内容往往能够反映作者的观点和态度；(8)正确选项的特点：不是文中明确说明的内容，有引申推理；大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。实例透析1.(2011福建卷D)Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was on
6、e of the most private women in the world，yet when she went to work as an editor in the last two decades of her life，she revealed(展现)herself as she did nowhere else.After the death of her second husband，Greek shipping magnate(巨 头)Aristotle Onassis，Jacquelines close friend and former White House socia
7、l secretary Letitia Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career(职 业)in publishing.After consideration，Jacqueline accepted it.Perhaps she hoped to find there some ideas about how to live her own life.She became not less but more interested in reading.For the last 20 years of her life，Jacque
8、line worked as a publishers editor，first at Viking，then at Doubleday，pursuing(追求)a late-life career longer than her two marriages combined.During her time in publishing，she was responsible for managing and editing more than 100 successfully marketed books.Among the first books were In the RussianSty
9、le and Inventive Paris Clothes.She also succeeded in persuading TV hosts Bill Moyers and Joseph Campbell to transform their popular television conversations into a book，The Power of Myth.The book went on to become an international best-seller.She dealt，too，with Michael Jackson as he prepared his aut
10、obiography(自传)，Moonwalk.Jacqueline may have been hired for her name and for her social relations，but she soon proved her worth.Her choices，suggestions and widespread social relations were of benefit both to the publishing firms and to Jacqueline herself.In the books she selected for publication，she
11、built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind.Her books are the autobiography she never wrote.Her role as First Lady，in the end，wasovershadowedbyherperformanceasaneditor.However，few knew that she had achieved so much.68.We can learn from the
12、passage that Jacqueline.A.became fond of reading after working as an editorB.was in charge of publishing 100 booksC.promoted her books through social relationsD.gained a lot from her career as an editor解析 推理判断题。由文章内容可知，在第二任丈夫去世后，朋友推荐 Jacqueline 考虑在出版业谋一职位，之后她在此行业取得了成功，故 D 项正确。答案 D70.What can be infe
13、rred from the passage?A.Jacquelines two marriages lasted more than 20 years.B.Jacquelines own publishing firm was set up eventually.C.Jacquelines views and beliefs were reflected in the books she edited.D.Jacquelines achievements were widely known.解析 推理判断题。由文章最后一段第三句“In the books she selected for pu
14、blication，she built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind.”可知她的一些个人观点在自己编辑的书中有所表露，故 C 项正确。答案 C2.(2011江苏卷A)We know the famous onesthe Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bellsbut what about the less famous inventors?What about the people
15、 who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器)？Shouldnt we know who they are?Joan McLean thinks so.In fact，McLean，a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range，feels so strongly about this matter that shes developed a course on the topic.In addition to learning“who”invented“w
16、hat”，however，McLean also likes her students to learn the answers to the“why”and“how”questions.According to McLean，“When students learn the answers to these questions，they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.”Her students agree.One y
17、oung man with a patent for an unbreakable umbrella is walking proof of McLeans statement.“If I had not heard the story of the windshield wipers invention，”said Tommy Lee，a senior physics major，“I never would have dreamed of turning my bad experience during a rainstorm into something so constructive.
18、”Lee is currently negotiating to sell his patent to an umbrella producer.So，just what is the story behind the windshield wiper?Well，Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to New York City.The day was cold and stormy，but Anderson still wanted to see the sights，so she jumped aboard
19、a streetcar.Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield，she found herself wondering why there couldnt be a built-in device for cleaning the window.Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham，Alabama，Anderson started drafting out solutio
20、ns.One of her ideas，a lever(操作杆)on the inside of a vehicle that would control an arm on the outside，became the first windshield wiper.Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations.Its hard to imagine driving without Garrett A.Morgans traffic light.Its equally impossible to picture a wor
21、ld without Katherine J.Blodgetts innovation that makes glass invisible.Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses?56.By mentioning“traffic light”and“windshield wiper”，the author indicates that countless inventions are.A.beneficial，because their inventors are famousB.beneficial，though
22、their inventors are less famousC.not useful，because their inventors are less famousD.not useful，though their inventors are famous解析 推理判断题。根据第一段内容结合下文可推断，作者提到交通信号灯、雨刮器等发明，是想说无数的发明对人类十分有益，虽然它们的发明者没有太大的名气。答案 B考题印证A(2011山东卷C)Diana Jacobs thought her family had a workable plan to pay for college for her
23、21-year-old twin sons：a combination of savings，income，scholarships，and a modest amount of borrowing.Then her husband lost his job，and the plan fell apart.“I have two kids in college，and I want to say come home，but at the same time I want to provide them with a good education，”says Jacobs.The Jacobs
24、family did work out a solution：They asked and received more aid from the schools，and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan(贷款)program.They will each graduate with$20,000 of debt，but at least they will be able to finish school.With unemployment rising，financi
25、al aid administrators expect to hear from more families like the Jacobses.More students are applying for aid，and more families expect to need student loans.College administrators are concerned that they will not have enough aid money to go around.At the same time，tuition(学费)continues to rise.A repor
26、t from the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education found that college tuition and fees increased 439%from 1982 to 2007，while average family income rose just 147%.Student borrowing has more than doubled in the last decade.“If we go on this way for another 25 years，we wont have an affor
27、dable system of higher education，”says Patrick M.Callan，president of the center.“The middle class families have been financing it through debt.They will send kids to college whatever it takes，even if that means a huge amount of debt.”Financial aid administrators have been having a hard time as many
28、companies decide that student loans are not profitable enough and have stopped making them.The good news，however，is that federal loans account for about three quarters of student borrowing，and the government says that money will flow uninterrupted.1.According to Paragraph 1，why did the plan of the J
29、acobs family fail?A.The twins wasted too much money.B.The father was out of work.C.Their savings ran out.D.The family fell apart.解析 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“Then her husband lost his job，and the plan fell apart.”可知选 B。答案 B2.How did the Jacobses manage to solve their problem?A.They asked their kids to come hom
30、e.B.They borrowed$20,000 from the schools.C.They encouraged their twin sons to do part-time jobs.D.They got help from the schools and the federal government.解析 细节理解题。由第三段中的“They asked and received more aid from the schools，and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federa
31、l loan(贷款)program.”可知选 D。答案 D3.Financial aid administrators believe that.A.more families will face the same problem as the JacobsesB.the government will receive more letters of complaintC.college tuition fees will double soonD.Americas unemployment will fall 解析 细节理解题。由第四段中的“.financial aid administra
32、tors expect to hear from more families like the Jacobses.More students are applying for aid，and more families expect to need student loans.”可知选 A。答案 A4.What can we learn about the middle class families from the text?A.They blamed the government for the tuition increase.B.Their income remained steady
33、 in the last decade.C.They will try their best to send kids to college.D.Their debts will be paid off within 25 years.解析 推理判断题。由第六段中的“They will send kids to college whatever it takes，even if that means a huge amount of debt.”可推知选 C。答案 C5.According to the last paragraph，the government will.A.provide
34、most students with scholarshipsB.dismiss some financial aid administratorsC.stop the companies from making student loansD.go on providing financial support for college students解 析 推 理 判断 题。由 最后 一 段最 后一 句“.the government says that money will flow uninterrupted.”可推知政府将会继续给大学生提供贷款资助。故选 D。答案 D211 工程(优秀生
35、选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)fall apart 破碎；散架Fall_落后Fall_依靠Fall_失败Fall_达不到fall in love with 爱上behindback onthroughshort(2)指出下列句子中 work out 的意思I was born in 1947：you work out my age._If it doesnt work out，you can always come back here._An international peace plan has been worked out._I cant work him out._1.Ho
36、w did Diana Jacobs pay for college at first?_1.What does the underlined word“that”in Para.6 mean?_算出产生结果制订出理解A combination of savings，income，scholarships，and a modest amount of borrowing.Sending kids to college.B(2011天津卷A)Homestay provides English language students with the opportunity to speak Engl
37、ish outside the classroom and the experience of being part of a British home.What to ExpectThe host will provide accommodation and meals.Rooms will be cleaned and bedcovers changed at least once a week.You will be given the house key and the host is there to offer help and advice as well as to take
38、an interest in your physical and mental health.Accommodation ZonesHomestays are located in London mainly in Zones 2,3 and 4 of the transport system.Most hosts do not live in the town centre as much of central London is commercial and not residential(居住的).Zones 3 and 4 often offer larger accommodatio
39、n in a less crowded area.It is very convenient to travel in London by Underground.Meal Plans AvailableContinent BreakfastBreakfast and DinnerBreakfast，Packed Lunch and DinnerIts important to note that few English families still provide a traditional cooked breakfast.Your accommodation includes Conti
40、nental Breakfast which normally consists of fruit juice，cereal(谷物类食品)，bread and tea or coffee.Cheese，fruit and cold meat are not normally part of a Continental Breakfast in England.Dinners usually consist of meat or fish with vegetables followed by dessert，fruit and coffee.FriendsIf you wish to invi
41、te a friend over to visit，you must first ask your hosts permission.You have no right to entertain friends in a family home as some families feel it is an invasion of their privacy.Self-Catering Accommodation in Private HomesAccommodation on a room-only basis includes shared kitchen and bathroom faci
42、lities and often a main living room.This kind of accommodation offers an independent lifestyle and is more suitable for the long-stay student.However，it does not provide the same family atmosphere as an ordinary homestay and may not benefit those who need to practise English at home quite as much.1.
43、The passage is probably written for.A.hosts willing to receive foreign studentsB.foreigners hoping to build British cultureC.travellers planning to visit families in LondonD.English learners applying to live in English homes解析 推理判断题。根据文章第一段的叙述“Homestay provides English language students with the opp
44、ortunity to speak English.”并结合整篇文章可推断出这篇文章是写给那些申请住在英国家庭的英语学习者的。答案 D2.Which of the following will the host provide?A.Room cleaning.B.Medical care.C.Free transport.D.Physical training.解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Rooms will be cleaned and bedcovers changed at least once a week.”可知选 A 项。B 项文章并未提及；关于 C 项，文章虽提及交通问题，却
45、并未说明交通是免费的；D 选项中的“体育锻炼”文章也未涉及。答案 A3.What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A.Zone 4 is more crowded than Zone 2.B.The business centre of London is in Zone 1.C.Hosts dislike travelling to the city centre.D.Accommodation in the city centre is not provided.解析 推理判断题。根据第三段前两句话“Homestays are located in.is
46、commercial and not residential.”可推断出伦敦的 2、3、4 区相对于 1 区来说是居住区，反推出 1 区应是文中所指的伦敦中心的商业区。答案 B4.According to the passage，what does Continental Breakfast include?A.Dessert and coffee.B.Fruit and vegetables.C.Bread and fruit juice.D.Cereal and cold meat.解析 细节理解题。根据文章中第三个黑体标题下的段落中的“Your accommodation include
47、s.”一句即可确定答案。答案 C5.Why do some people choose self-catering accommodation?A.To experience a warmer family atmosphere.B.To enrich their knowledge of English.C.To entertain friends as they like.D.To enjoy much more freedom.解析 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句可知，这种方式的食宿对居住者来说其生活方式的选择更独立、更自由。答案 D211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabular
48、y：(1)be located in_坐落于我们的工厂坐落在山脚下。_(2)cater v.(为社交活动)提供饮食，承办酒席cater to 迎合；投合cater for 为提供服务；满足的需要a magazine _the interests of youths 投合年轻人口味的杂志be situated in/lie inOur factory is located at the foot of a hill.catering to1.What disadvantage does the Self-Catering Accommodation in Private Homes have?_
49、1.Whats the main idea of the passage?_Homestay and its basic information.It does not provide the same family atmosphere as an ordinary homestay and may not benefit those whoneed to practise English at home quite as much.C(2011江苏卷D)Shay and his father had walked past a park where some boys Shay knew
50、were playing baseball.Shay asked，“Do you think theyll let me play？”Shays father knew that most of the boys would not want someone like Shay on their team，but the father also understood that if his son，mentally and physically disabled，were allowed to play，it would give him a much-needed sense of belo
51、nging and some confidence.Shays father approached one of the boys on the field and asked if Shay could play，not expecting much.The boy looked around and said，“Were losing by six runs(分)and the game is in the eighth inning(局).I guess he can be on our team and well try to put him in to bat in the fina
52、l inning.”Shay struggled over to the teams bench and put on a team shirt with a broad smile and his father had a small tear in his eye and warmth in his heart.The boys saw the fathers joy at his son being accepted.In the bottom of the eighth inning，Shays team scored a few runs but was still behind b
53、y three.In the top of the final inning，Shay put on a glove and played in the field.Even though no hits came his way，he was obviously joyful just to be in the game and on the field.In the bottom of the final inning，Shays team scored again.Now，Shay was scheduled to be next at bat.Would they let Shay b
54、at and give away their chance to win the game?Surprisingly，Shay was given the bat.Everyone knew that a hit was almost impossible.The first pitch(投)came and Shay missed.The pitcher again took a few steps forward to throw the ball softly towards Shay.As the pitch came in，Shay swung at the ball and hit
55、 a slow ground ball right back to the pitcher.The pitcher could have easily thrown the ball to the first baseman and Shay would have been out and that would have been the end of the game.Instead，the pitcher threw the ball right over the head of the first baseman，beyond the reach of all teammates.The
56、 audience and the players from both teams started screaming，“Shay，run to first！”Never in his life had Shay ever run that far but made it to first base，wide-eyed and shocked.Everyone shouted，“Run to second！”Catching his breath，Shay awkwardly ran towards second.By the time Shay rounded towards second
57、base，the smallest guy on their team，who had a chance to be the hero for his team for the first time，could have thrown the ball to the second baseman，but he understood the pitchers intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third basemans head.All were screaming，“Shay，Sh
58、ay，Shay，all the way Shay.”Shay reached third base when one opposing player ran to help him and shouted，“Shay，run to third.”As Shay rounded third，all were on their feet，crying，“Shay，run home！”Shay ran to home，stepped on the home base and was cheered as the hero who won the game for his team.That day，
59、the boys from both teams helped bring a piece of true love and humanity into this world.Shay didnt make it to another summer and died that winter，having never forgotten being the hero and making his father so happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her little hero of the day!1.Not
60、expecting much，Shays father still asked the boy if Shay could play，mainly because the father.A.noticed some of the boys on the field were hesitatingB.guessed his presence would affect the boys decisionC.learned some of the boys on the field knew Shay wellD.understood Shay did need a feeling of being
61、 accepted解析 细节理解题。由第一段中的“.but the father also understood that if his son，mentally and physically disabled，were allowed to play，it would give him a much-needed sense of belonging and some confidence.”可知选 D 项。答案 D2.In the bottom of the final inning Shay was given the bat because the boys.A.believed th
62、ey were sure to win the gameB.would like to help Shay enjoy the gameC.found Shay was so eager to be a winnerD.felt forced to give Shay another chance解析 推理判断题。尽管每个人都知道 Shay 要击中是不可能的，但他们还是给他机会击球。由倒数第二、三、四段的描述及最后一段第一句“That day，the boys from both teams helped bring a piece of true love and humanity into
63、 this world.”推断得知，孩子们是想让 Shay 享受这场比赛。答案 B3.The smallest boy threw the ball high and far over the third basemans head，probably because that boy.A.was obviously aware of the pitchers purposeB.looked forward to winning the game for his teamC.failed to throw the ball to the second basemanD.saw that Shay
64、 already reached second base解析 细节理解题。由倒数第三段中的“.but he understood the pitchers intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third basemans head.”可知选 A 项。答案 A4.Which of the following has nothing to do with Shays becoming the hero for his team?A.The pitcher did not throw the
65、 ball to the first baseman.B.The audience and the players from both teams cheered for him.C.The opposing players failed to stop his running to home.D.One of the opposing players ran to help him.解析 细节理解题。由第六、七、八段内容可知 A、B、D 三项均与 Shay 成为他所在的队的英雄有关。用排除法可知选项 C 正确。答案 C5.What do you think is the theme of t
66、he story?A.True human nature could be realized in the way we treat each other.B.Everyone has his own strength even if mentally or physically disabled.C.Everyone can develop his team spirit in sports and please his parents.D.The results of the game should not be the only concern of the players.解析 主旨大
67、意题。这篇文章讲的是一位父亲帮助自己心智和身体残疾的儿子像正常人一样参与棒球比赛，并且使他得到同伴的认可的故事，折射出人性的力量。故选 A。答案 A211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)approach n.方式；方法；接近；道路；v.接近；同某人联系the approach 的方法；去的路The day of the election _.选举的日子临近了。(2)schedule v.&n.日程表；把安排在be scheduled to do.计划做_ schedule 提前_ schedule 准时_ schedule 推迟is approachingahead of
68、behindonto1.根据下句划线部分仿写句子Never in his life had Shay ever run that far but made it to first base，wide-eyed and shocked._1.Why did the father have a small tear in his eye and warmth in heart?_Because he was moved by the boys kindness.D(2011江西卷A)“Mum，what does it mean when someone tells you that they ha
69、ve a skeleton(骨骼)in the closet(衣 橱)？”Jessica asked.“A skeleton in the closet？”her mother paused thoughtfully.“Well，its something that you would rather not have anyone else know about.For example，if in the past，someone in Dads family had been arrested for stealing a horse，it would be a skeleton in hi
70、s familys closet.He really wouldnt want any neighbor to know about it.”“Why pick on my family？”Jessicas father said with anger.“Your family history isnt so good，you know.Wasnt your great-great-grandfather a prisoner who was transported to Australia for his crimes？”“Yes，but people these days say that
71、 you are not a real Australian unless your ancestors arrived as prisoners.”“Gosh，sorry I asked.I think I understand now，”Jessica cut in before things grew worse.After dinner，the house was very quiet.Jessicas parents were still quite angry with each other.Her mother was ironing clothes and every now
72、and then she glared at her husband，who hid behind his newspaper pretending to read.When she finished，she gathered the freshly pressed clothes in her arms and walked to Jessicas closet.Just as she opened the door and reached in to hang a skirt，a bony arm stuck out from the dark depths and a bundle of
73、 white bones fell to the floor.Jessicas mother sank into a faint(晕倒)，waking only when Jessica put a cold，wet cloth on her forehead.She looked up to see the worried faces of her husband and daughter.“What happened?Where am I？”she asked.“You just destroyed the schools skeleton，Mum，”explained Jessica.“
74、I brought it home to help me with my health project.I meant to tell you，but it seemed that as soon as I mentioned skeletons and closets，it caused a problem between you and Dad.”Jessica looked in amazement as her parents began to laugh madly.“Theyre both crazy，”she thought.1.According to Jessicas mot
75、her，“a skeleton in the closet”means.A.a family honor B.a family secretC.a family story D.a family treasure解析 细节理解题。由第一段中的“Well，its something that you would rather not have anyone else know about.For example，if in the past，someone in Dads family had been arrested for stealing a horse，it would be a sk
76、eleton in his familys closet.”可知a skeleton in the closet 指的是“家庭秘密”。答案 B2.What can we learn about some Australiansancestors from Paragraph 2?A.They were brought to Australia as prisoners.B.They were the earliest people living in Australia.C.They were involved in some crimes in Australia.D.They were n
77、ot regarded as criminals in their days.解析 推理判断题。由第二段中的“Yes，but people these days say that you are not a real Australian unless your ancestors arrived as prisoners.”可知，一些澳大利亚人的祖先被作为囚犯带到了澳大利亚。答案 A3.Jessicas mother fell down into a faint because she was.A.knocked B.frightenedC.injured D.surprised解析 推理判
78、断题。由第三段中的“.to hang a skirt，a bony arm stuck out from the dark depths and a bundle of white bones fell to the floor.Jessicas mother sank into a faint.”可知是因为害怕而晕倒。答案 B4.Why did Jessica bring a skeleton home?A.She was curious about it.B.She planned to keep it for fun.C.She needed it for her school task
79、.D.She intended to scare her parents.解析 细节理解题。由第四段中的“I brought it home to help me with my health project.”可知杰西卡是因为学校研究课题而把骨骼带回家的，故 C 项正确。答案 C5.Jessicas parents laughed madly at the end of the story probably because.A.they were crazyB.they were overexcitedC.they realized their misunderstandingD.they
80、both thought they had won the quarrel解析 推理判断题。由全文内容尤其是最后一段内容可知 C 项正确。答案 C211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)pick on 找的茬；与过不去Pick_挑选；挑出Pick_拿起；偶然学会；收听pick and choose 东挑西选(2)cut in 插嘴；打断_抄近道cut away 切除cut through 从穿过cut_切碎_适合outupcut acrossupbe cut out for/to do.1.What does the underlined word“it”in Para.1 mean?_1.as soon as I mentioned skeletons and closets，it caused a problem between you and Dad.Here“a problem”refers to_.It means a skeleton in the closet.a quarrel between the wife and the husband返回
