1、状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)一.状语从句的语法意义和分类1.意义: 在句中起状语作用,修饰主句的谓语动词,形容词,副词或整个句子. 状语从句通常由从属连词引导,与主句相连. 放在句首时,常在后面加上逗号; 若放在后面,其前一般不加逗号.2.九种状从: 时间，地点和原因；目的，结果加条件；方式，让步与比较。二.状语从句的用法:1.时间状语从句 一when/while/as1）while引导的从句谓语是延续性动词，侧重对比。2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your wor
2、k, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示随着连词只能用as，不用when 或while。As the day went on, the weather got worse. 4) when=since, considering that 既然,考虑到,引导原因状语从句。*It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.二关于”一就”的连词整理 *Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had they seen the movie star wh
3、en/before the fans cried.*I had hardly / scarcely/barely got home when/before it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。* I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，主句必须用部分倒装，并注意主从句时态。 三. till, until和not until 1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：Until you told me, I had heard no
4、thing of what happened. 2）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：-Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。3）注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。a)Not until在句首，主句用部分倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. b)It is not until that It was not until I began to work that I real
5、ized how much time I had wasted. 四. before和since It is/was that（强调句）It is/was +时间when从句 当的时候It is/has been +时间since从句 自从有多久It will be long before 要过很久才 It will not be long before 不久就五. 关于“每当; 每次; 下次”补：He sat there quietly all the time she sang.区别the first time 和for the first timethe first time是名词短语，
6、用来引导时间状语从句*The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.for the first time是介词短语，在句中做状语*When I climbed onto the wall for the first time, I felt nervous.2.地点状语从句注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句：Where引导的定从前面有地点的先行词。Where本身在定语从句和状语从句中都充当状语。3原因状语从句由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以
7、推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。除了状语从句以外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因:because of, thanks to, due to, owing to , on account of, as a result of, by reason of, in consequence of, in that, seeing that, considering that, by reas
8、on that, in view of等另外，分词短语引出原因句。Being sick, he failed to attend the party.= In view of the fact that he was sick,=By reason that he was sick,=Due to his sickness,=The reason why he failed to attend the party was that he was ill.=The reason for his failing to attend the party was that he was ill.4.
9、目的状语从句 for fear that=in order to avoid sth.引导的目的状语从句中根据句意用wouldshouldcouldmight do.in case=if sth happens（条件状语从句）如果in case引导虚拟语气的条件状语，从句中用should do，should一般不省略。lest引导的从句中用(should) do, should 可以省略。*He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 5. 结果状语从句 此外，that也可以直接表示结果 *We did well
10、 in the exams that we were praised by him.6. 条件状语从句和方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, （just） asso, as if, as though引导。1）as, （just） asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体。As water is to fish, so air is to man. = Water is to fish what air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we swee
11、p our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）as if, as though多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的。 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat a
12、s if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。7. 让步状语从句 1）while也可做”尽管,虽然”讲, 一般置于句首, 等于although(不用倒装)*While he was still a young man, he was elected chairman of the committee.2）as在状语从句中可以引导时间状语从句，原因状语从句，比较状语从句，方式状语从句及让步状语从句，但是在引导前四种状语从句的时候都不用倒装，只有引导
13、让步状语从句的时候才需要倒装。3）“疑问词+ever”既可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从句“no matter +疑问词”只引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。8. 比较状语从句 状语从句的紧缩现象1.时间状语从句和条件状语从句中常见的紧缩现象*Dont speak until spoken to.*While in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Birds Nest.*He often makes mistakes when speaking English.*The girl never gave in unless wrong.*Come tom
14、orrow if possible.*Unless repaired, the machine is of no use.状语从句紧缩现象一般应满足下两个条件：(1.)从句的主语和主句的主语一致或者是it (2.)从句中有be 2. 方式状语从句中常见的紧缩现象*Some flowers shut up at night as if to sleep.*She stood at the gate as if waiting for someone.*The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though angry.*The inspector looked around, as if in search of something.3.其它状语从句中的紧缩现象*Though cold, he still wore a shirt.*Being blind, he couldnt see anything.*Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.
