1、第二讲并列句和状语从句语法规则再现一、并列句(一)并列句的4种类型1表并列、递进或顺承关系：and，both.and.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.。The earth is one of the suns planets，and the moon is our satellite.地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，月亮是地球的卫星。2表转折、对比关系：but，yet，while。The problem was a little hard，yet I was able to work it out.这道题有点难，然而我却把它做出来了。The winter in Bei
2、jing is very cold while that ofKunming is warm.北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。3表选择关系：or，otherwise，or else，either.or.，not.but.。Now you can either have a rest or you can go to the cinema.现在你可以休息，也可以去看电影。4表因果关系：so，for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首)。He found it increasingly difficult to read，for his eyesight was beginning to fail
3、.由于他视力开始下降，他发现读书越来越困难了。(二)并列句的2大句式1when“就在这时，突然”，常用以下句式。sb.be about to do/on the point of doing sth.when.某人正要做某事，突然sb.be doing sth.when.某人正在做某事，突然sb.had(just)done sth.when.某人刚做完某事，突然One Friday，we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.某个周五，当我们在收拾行李要去度周末时，我的女儿突
4、然听到了呼救声。She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.昨天她刚完成家庭作业，她妈妈就让她练习钢琴。2and与or/otherwise用于并列句。祈使句and陈述句(and表示顺承关系)祈使句or/otherwise陈述句(or/otherwise表示转折关系)Find ways to praise your children often，and youll find they will open their hearts to yo
5、u.设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。Hurry up，or/otherwise you will be late for class.快点儿，否则你们上课就迟到了。二、状语从句(一)时间状语从句1when，while和as的用法。连词含义及用法when“当时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生while“当时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生as“一边一边”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生When you apply for a job，you must pre
6、sent your credentials.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证书。Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.客人们就要吃完的时候，玛丽去煮咖啡了。As he grew older，he became less active.随着他逐渐长大，他变得不那么活泼了。如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when，while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking down the street，I came across a
7、n old friend.我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。2before与since的用法。(1)before表示“在之前；还未就；还没来得及就”。常用于以下句型：It will be一段时间before.多久之后才It wont be long before.不久之后就It was一段时间before.过了多久才John thinks it wont be long before he is ready for his new job.约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。One is that these instincts appear at a very young ag
8、e before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.一个就是：这些本能在大部分家长开始训练孩子的社会行为之前，在非常小的年龄就出现了。(2)since的用法since表示“自从”，其引导的从句在句中作状语时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；从句常用一般过去时。I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States.自从我定居美国后，我回过两次家。They have been living very happily sin
9、ce they got married.自从结婚后他们一直生活得很幸福。since引导的从句的谓语若是持续性动词，常理解为某一状态的终止；若是终止性动词，则理解为某一动作的开始。He has written to me frequently since he was ill.自从病好以来，他经常给我来信。He has written to me frequently since he went abroad.他自出国以来，经常给我写信。since表示“自从以来”，常用于“It is/has been时间段since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)已经多长时间了”，一般从句的时态用一般过
10、去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时。As is reported，it has been/is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。3till，until和not.until.的用法。(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday
11、?这个会议将被推迟到下周二，你有没有听说？(2)not.until.表示“直到才”，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。As far as I know，his mother wont go to bed until he returns home every evening.据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。4表示“一就，刚就”的常用表达。(1)表示“一就”的表达：as soon as，immediately，directly，the moment，the minute，the instantThe moment I heard the voice，I knew Father was
12、coming.我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。(2)表示“刚就”的表达：no sooner.than.，hardly/scarcely.when.的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.No sooner had he finished his speech t
13、han the students started cheering.他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。(二)条件状语从句1条件状语从句的常见引导词。if，unless(if.not)，so/as long as(只要)，on condition that(条件是)，if only(if)，provided that(如果)，in case(万一，如果)，suppose/supposing that(假设，如果)，assuming that等均可引导条件状语从句。We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or it
14、s very cold.除非下雨或天很冷，否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。My parents dont mind what job I do as long as I am happy.我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。2条件状语从句的时态。在条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表将来含义；现在完成时表即将完成的情况；一般过去时表过去将来的含义。If we work hard，we will find a way out.如果努力工作，我们会找到出路的。If everyone does his part，the project will surely be a success.如果大家都
15、尽责，这个项目肯定会成功。(三)让步状语从句1although，though，while引导的让步状语从句。Though/Although/While regular exercise is very important，its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.尽管有规律的锻炼很重要，但临睡前锻炼不是个好主意。While online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive.尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但是不是所有的
16、影响都是积极的。2as，though引导的让步状语从句需用部分倒装语序。Hot as/though the night air was，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.在长途跋涉之后，尽管夜晚的空气很热，我们还是因为太累而睡得很熟。3“疑问词ever”引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论”。However hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.不管你多么努力，如果不减少饭量，减
17、肥很难。4whether.or.引导的让步状语从句，意为“不论还是”，表示正反两种情况都不会影响主句的意向或结果。Well go on with the work，whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。(四)地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where，wherever引导，可置于句首、句中或句尾。I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting.因
18、为我坐的地方噪声太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分，如果作状语，则是状语从句；如果作定语，则是定语从句。The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother.(状语从句，其中remain为不及物动词)The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and wait for her mother
19、.(定语从句)那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她的母亲。(五)原因状语从句原因状语从句可由because，as，since，now that，in that，considering(that)等词引导。1because译作“因为”，表示直接原因，语气较强，能回答由why提出的问句。The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。2as译作“由于”，语气较轻，常表示显而易见的原因；since(既然)，now tha
20、t(既然)，in that(因为)，表示双方都知道的原因，语气较弱。as，since和now that引导的从句多位于主句之前。Now that you have got a job，you should learn to be independent of your parents.既然你找到了一份工作，你就应该学会独立不依靠父母。(六)方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as，as if，as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。The house was greatl
21、y damaged by the truck.Wed better leave things as they are until the police arrive.这辆卡车对这座房子造成了严重的损坏。我们最好保持原样直到警察到来。The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was.建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了。The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。(七)结果状语从句1引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so.th
22、at.，such.that.。在非正式语体中，由so.that.，such.that.引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构形式：He is such a learned person that we admire him very much.He is so learned a person that we admire him very much.他如此有学问，以至于我们都非常赞赏他。It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。He earned so little money
23、 that he couldnt support his family.他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。2当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时，还可简化为：so/such.as to.。He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems.他是一名如此聪明的学生，以至于他能够解决所有难题。(八)目的状语从
24、句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that，in order that，for fear that，in case(that)，lest等。1in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句。两个连词都意为“以便；为了”，它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。When he goes out，he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody/no one can recognize him.他出门的时候常戴着墨镜，以便没人能认出他。2for fear that，in case(that)和lest引导的目的状语从句。引导目
25、的状语从句时，for fear that表示“害怕，担心某事会发生”；in case(that)/lest表示“以防出现某种情况”。The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him.那个男孩藏在树后面，以防他父亲看到他。Larry told her that he had already put out the fire and she should not move in case she injured her neck.莱瑞告诉她他已经扑灭了火，她不应当动弹以免伤了脖子。
26、典型例题分析1Excuse me， I have some news for you.but根据语境，句意为“不好意思打扰一下，但我有一些消息要告诉你们”。所以正确答案为but，but表转折关系。2Would you like a cup of tea shall we get down to business right away?or根据语境，句意为“你是想先喝杯茶还是我们马上就开始工作呢？”所以正确答案为or，or表选择关系。3I dont like chicken fish.I dont like chicken， I like fish very much.or；but根据语境，前者
27、想表达“我不喜欢鸡肉也不喜欢鱼肉”，后者想表达“我不喜欢鸡肉，但是我非常喜欢鱼肉”，所以正确答案为or；but。or表示选择关系，but表示转折关系。4(2017年广东学业考真题改编)Do you mind I turn on the TV?Go ahead.Lets watch the sports news now.if根据语境，作者想表达“如果我打开电视，你会介意吗？去开吧。让我们现在一起看体育新闻吧。”所以正确答案为if，if表条件意义。5(2019年广东湛江学业考模拟改编) I was about seven years old，I took a trip with my fathe
28、r.When根据语境，句意为“当我大约七岁的时候，我和我的父亲去旅行”。seven years old表示一个时间点，需用when引导，所以正确答案为When。6(2019年广东梅州学业考模拟改编)I have dreamed of becoming a writer I was a teenager.since根据语境，句意为“当我还是青少年，我就梦想成为一名作家”。所以正确答案为since(自从)，since引导的从句用过去时，主句用完成时。语法专项对练.根据语境填入适当的连词1He was very tired after doing this for a whole day，but/y
29、et he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher.2I then realized she had no arms or legs，just a head，neck and torso.3He took the old man not just across the river，but to his home.4Stand over there and youll be able to see the oil painting better.5Start out right away，or youll miss the first t
30、rain.6We were swimming in the lake when suddenly the storm started.7Once/If the damage is done，it will take many years for the farmland to recover.8As life pace continues to speed up，we are quickly losing the art of enjoyment.9The teacher taught us in such a lovely way that we would never forget wha
31、t he taught us.10A rainforest is usually found where heavy rain is frequent.11I suggest you practice hard from now on，unless you want to lose face before so many people.12It is so cold that you cant go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes.13We need to get to the root of the problem before w
32、e can solve it.14Just as a single world can change the meaning of a sentence，a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.15Though scientists have learned a lot about the universe，there is much we still dont know.16Some animals carry seeds from one place to another，so plants can spread to
33、 new places.17The young couple，who returned my lost wallet，left before I could ask for their names.18Allow children space to voice their opinions even if/though they are different from yours.19It was the middle of the night when my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.20Its a lon
34、g time since I saw you last.Yes，and what a pity！It will be a long time before we see each other again.语法填空在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。AWhen you read a story in English，do you read it for the story or for the English？This is a question 1.that is not so foolish as it may seem，for I find that many student
35、s of English pay far more attention to the story than to the English.For instance，they care for 2.how the mystery in the story is solved，3.but do not remember a single sentence in the story and cannot tell 4.what preposition is used before a certain word in the speech of a certain character.Of cours
36、e，if you want to know the story only，you need not bother about the language.5.But a student of English is different from a student of stories 6.or what is called the general reader.7.As you may also have learned from the above，you ought to read not only very carefully but also aloud till you learn t
37、he passage by heart 8.and can recite it as if it 9.were (be)your own.On the one hand，this will teach you many useful words and phrases；on the other hand，it will help you to avoid many errors10and faults in expression.BMy classmate Michael studied very hard 1.after he went to senior school.Every day
38、he worked2until everyone left the classroom.He said he wouldnt stop trying 3.unless he got satisfying scores in his studies.Hard 4.as/though he tried，he made little progress，but he didnt lose heart at all5because he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day.6.As time went by，he made
39、improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Guangzhou at last. We had a gettogether party 7.before we started our new life in university.8.Since everyone had got offers from universities，we had a very good time.When we stood9where we used to play and study，we couldnt help thinking of our happy old days.We believed we would never forget each other，10.wherever we would go or whatever we would do.Before we departed，though we seemed a little sadder than before，we still fought back the tears.
