1、Period Learning notes for Word power & Grammar and usage【Learning goals】1. Learning a new word: impress 2.Learning a new sentence pattern: I like it when3.Learning grammar: Verb-ing form as an adjective or adverb Verb-ing phrases【Language focus】词汇 impress vt.使印象深刻，压印，盖印；使铭记，使牢记vi.给人留下印象，使人注意【教材原句】Wh
2、en I heard what you said about the environment and the economy needing to work together more, I was very impressed. (P31)【例句研读】翻译句子（1）Im deeply impressed by what Ive seen and heard during this visit. _（2）The teacher impressed on his students the importance of making notes in class._（3）A thousand wor
3、ds will not leave so deep an impression as one deed. _【自主归纳】翻译下列短语(1)be impressed by/with_impress sth. on ones mind/memory _impress sth. on/upon sb./impress on/upon sb. sth. _impress sb. with sth. _(2)impression n. _make/leave a deep impression on sb./ones memory _ 【即时巩固】My first _ of him was that h
4、e was a kind and thoughtful young man. AexpressionBattentionCsatisfaction Dimpression句型【教材原句】I liked it when you told that joke. (P31)【句法分析】句中like是及物动词，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语为when引导的从句。【自主归纳】(1)英语中在表示喜爱、憎恶之类的动词后面常常不直接加宾语从句，而要用形式宾语it，然后再加真正的宾语从句，这样的动词有：appreciate, enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer等。_当夏
5、天天气变得太热的时候我就不喜欢了。_我不喜欢别人在公共场合大声喧哗。 (2)一些动词短语后面也常用it作形式宾语然后加真正的宾语从句，常见的动词短语有：depend on, rely on, see to (确保)等。_你相信好了，他们会支持你的。Grammar and usage: Verb-ing form as an adjective or adverb Verb-ing phrasesV-ing形式的时态和语态write主动被动一般writingbeing written完成having writtenhaving been written1. He hurried home, lo
6、oking behind as he went. （一般主动式）2. Having finished their work, they had a rest. （完成主动式）3. The large building being built is a library. （一般被动式）4. Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. （完成被动式）动词-ing形式在功能上具有形容词或副词的特点，在句子中可以充当定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。There are sleeping students in class.定语T
7、his lesson is boring. 表语We all found his argument convincing and interesting.宾语补足语They stood talking to each other.状语 定语a reading room 阅览室a washing machine洗衣机an exciting evening激动人心的夜晚an interesting crosstalk 有趣的相声卧铺车 a sleeping car 吸烟室a smoking room听力练习listening practice开幕词an opening speech售票处a boo
8、king office自来水running waterThis is an extremely interesting speech.The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove does harm to the environment.The people operating these factories are very concerned about the environment.The people who operate these factories are ver
9、y concerned about the environment.l V-ing形式可用于名词前，用来修饰该名词，功能上相当于形容词。l 有时还可将副词置于V-ing形式前，可用于名词前，修饰V-ing形式。l 副词或名词可以和V-ing形式一起构成复合词，做定语。l V-ing形式也可用于名词后用来修饰该名词，功能上相当于形容词。此时V-ing形式可以改写为定语从句。注意：现在分词与动名词作定语的区别现在分词动名词a sleeping child 一个正在睡觉的孩子a sleeping car 一辆卧车a flying bird 一只正在飞翔的鸟a flying course 飞行课程a
10、swimming girl 一个正在游泳的女孩a swimming pool 一个游泳池l 动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能；现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。注意 现在分词与过去分词,不定式 作定语的区别boiling water正在沸腾的水 the changing world 变化中的世界boiled water开水the changed world 变化了的世界the developing countries 发展中国家 falling leaves 正在落下的叶子the developed countries发达国家fallen leaves 落叶the rising sun 正在升
11、起的太阳the risen sun 已经升起的太阳 l 现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。l 过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作已完成。l 不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。the house being built正在被建的房子the house to be built 将要被建的房子the house built 建好了的房子 表语This damage is frightening.表示主语的特征、状态等，一般接在连系动词后面现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别-ing形式：表示“令人的”；-ed形式：表示“感到的”interesting使人感兴趣的 e
12、xciting令人激动的interested感兴趣的excited感到激动的puzzled感到费解的encouraging令人鼓舞的puzzling令人费解的 encouraged感到鼓舞的satisfying令人满意的 worrying令人担心的satisfied感到满意的worried感到担心的 宾语补足语They think of businessmen hiding from their responsibilities for the environment.l 表示一个正在进行的动作或强调一个过程或一种状态。l V-ing形式作宾语补足语时，往往同宾语存在逻辑主动关系。l V-in
13、g形式作宾语补足语的常见动词：make，let，have，keep, leave，see，watch，hear，notice，find，feel 等。1) He sat listening to her climbing (climb) the stairs. 2) How can you keep them waiting (wait) for so long? 注意：现在分词与过去分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别 现在分词作宾补表示宾语正在进行的动作或强调一个过程或状态，宾语与其是主谓关系。 过去分词作宾补表示动作已完成，宾语与其是动宾关系。 不定式作宾补表示将要发生的动作。 状语They
14、stood talking to each other. = They stood when they were talking to each other.Function as an adverb -ing形式作状语，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。 常用于 stand，sit，lie 等动词之后表示伴随的状态。 【注意1】 l 完成主动式 having done 分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能做定语用。l 一般被动式 being done 表示正在发生的被动动作,在句中作定语或状语。l 完成被动式 having b
15、een done 表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。【注意2】非谓语动词的否定式均为not+非谓语动词 现在分词的否定形式not + 现在分词完成的否定式 not 放在having之前动词-ing短语 V-ing phrases1. V-ing形式后面跟宾语和/或状语，构成V-ing短语，在句子中充当状语，通常用来表示：时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，伴随 作时间状语 常置于句首Asking around, I find many people willing to pay a little higher prices for things that are frie
16、ndly to the environment. = When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay a little higher prices for things that are friendly to the environment. Having observe the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. = After he observed th
17、e problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. l 当V-ing短语用来表示时间时，可以和when, after等引导的时间状语从句互换。 作原因状语 可置于句首或句末Being so angry, he couldnt go to sleep. =Because he was so angry, he couldnt go to sleep.We are making bigger holes in the nets, ho
18、ping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. l 当V-ing短语用来表示原因时，可以和because, as引导的原因状语从句互换。 作结果状语 常置于句末The factory keeps giving off smoke, making the air dirty. = The factory keeps givin
19、g off smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty. l 当V-ing短语用来表示结果时，可以和as a result引导的结果状语从句互换。 作条件状语 可置于句首或句末Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.Being given more attention, the trees could have grown better.=If they had been given more atte
20、ntion, the trees could have grown better. l 当V-ing短语用来表示条件时，可以和if引导的结果状语从句互换。 作让步状语可置于句首或句末Working so hard, he failed again. =Though he worked so hard, he failed againl 当V-ing短语用来表示让步时，可以和though, although, even if, no matter 等引导的让步状语从句互换。 作伴随状语 可置于句首或句末They came into the classroom, singing and laugh
21、ing. =They sang and laughed; they came into the classroom. All night long he lay awake, thinking of the problem.= All night long he lay awake and thought of the problem.l V-ing短语用作伴随状语时，它表示的动作伴随主句谓语动作同时发生，即句子谓语所表示的动作为主要动作，分词短语所表示的动作为伴随性的次要动作。 2. 连词+V-ing短语也可以用来表示时间、条件、让步等。常用的连词有when，whenever, while，
22、once, though，until，if等，相当于这些连词引导的一个从句。We have to consider the need for environmental protection when developing the economy.=We have to consider the need for environmental protection when we are developing the economy.Though willing to attend the party, he refused the invitation. =Though he was will
23、ing to attend the party, he refused the invitation.While staying in Beijing, he came to see me twice.=While he was staying in Beijing, he came to see me twice.If playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. =If you play all day, you will waste your valuable time.Though raining heavily, it cle
24、ared up very soon. =Though it was raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.3. 通常情况下，V-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语和主句的主语保持一致。He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket. Keeping的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致，都是he= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanke
25、t.【归纳】现在分词或分词短语作状语时，注意如下三点： 相当于相应的从句 现在分词作状语时有不同的时态与语态 分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语l 独立结构是一种自身带主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。除动名词外，非谓语动词的其他形式均有独立结构。【Feedback】I. Choose the correct sentence.1. a. Hearing the news, tears ran down her face. ( ) b. Hearing the news, she cried out sadly.( )2. a. Entering the classroom, I found nob
26、ody in it.( ) b. Entering the classroom, nobody was found in it.( )3. a. Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.( ) b. Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.( )4. a. Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.( ) b. I was reading the evening newspaper
27、when a dog started barking.( )5. a. Being fine, we will have the sports meeting next week.( ) b. It being fine, we will have the sports meeting next week.( )II. Rewrite sentences1. Because he knew that there was a dog outside, the little boy didnt open the door.= _ （原因）2. If time permits, I will mee
28、t you for lunch.=_ （独立主格，条件 ）3. The couple went shopping. As a result, they left their eldest daughter alone at home. = _ （结果）4. As he was very naughty, the teacher often punished him. = _ （独立主格，原因） 5. He had to stay where he was, because his leg was broken.= _ （独立主格，原因）6. As there was no alarm, she
29、 went back to her room.= _ （独立主格，原因）III. Multiple choice1. Last night, there were millions of people _ the opening ceremony live on TV.A. watchB. to watchC. watchedD. watching 2. There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.A. solvingB. solvedC. being solvedD. to b
30、e solved 3. There is a note pinned to the door _ when the shop will open again.A. sayingB. saysC. saidD. having said 4. _ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong Linda appears more mature than those of her age.A. SpendingB. SpentC. Having spentD. To spend 5. For those with family members f
31、ar away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _.A. connectedB. connectingC. to connectD. to be connected 6. The lecture _, a lively question -and -answer session followed.A. being givenB. having givenC. to be givenD. having been given 7. _ nearly all our money, we couldnt aff
32、ord to stay at a hotel.A. Having spentB. To spendC. SpentD. To have spent 8. Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _ to guard her.A. to appointB. appointingC. appointedD. having appointed 9. It is standard practice for a company like this one _ a security officer.
33、A. employedB. being employedC. to employD. employs 10. When it comes to _ in public, no one can match him.A. speakB. speakingC. being spokenD. be spoken 11. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus _ the delay. A. to causeB. causingC. causedD. cause 12. After seeing the movie, _. A. the book was
34、read by himB. the book made him want to read it C. he wanted to read the bookD. the reading of the book interested him 13. There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followedB. followingC. to be followed D. being followed 14. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for
35、 the president.A. to prepare B. preparingC. prepared D. was preparing 15. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrilyC. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing16. I was in the bathroom, not _ the knock at the door.A. hearB. to hearC. hearingD. heard 17. _ thr
36、ough the park, beautiful flowers could be seen everywhere.A. WalkingB. When I walkedC. WalkD. Walked 18. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving notC. Not having received D. Having not received 19. The flowers sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty
37、 of name.A. to smellB. smelling C. smeltD. to be smelt 20. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 21. The old man, _abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to workB. working C. to have worked D. having worke
38、d 22. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followedB. followingC. to be followedD. being followed 23. It was so cold that they kept the fire _ all night.A. to burnB. burnC. burningD. burned 24. There are various kinds of metals, each _ its own properties.A. hasB. hadC. to haveD. having 25. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _, we declined the offer.A. not being finishedB. not having finishedC. had not been finishedD. was not finished
