1、定语从句(The Attributive Clause)一概念理解：在复合句(包括主句和从句)中，修饰主句某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句(起形容词的作用，在句中作定语；也可称之为形容词性从句)。 例：The man is a policeman. He lives next to us. -The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 说明：被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词 (名词前一般用定冠词the)；紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句的词叫引导词；定语从句放在先行词的后面。 注意：引导词可分为两类： 关系代词：who, whom, whose, that,
2、 which(what=that which不能引导定语从句) 关系副词：when, where, why (how不用来引导定语从句，而用that/in which) 注意：1. 定语从句前必须有先行词 （作主语、宾语、表语或补足语），否则就不没有说明或修饰的中心内容。2. 关系代词和关系副词连接先行词和定语从句，起联系作用，同时在定语从句中担任一定的句子成分（但翻译时不译出来）。 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍
3、完整。二关系代词及其用法： 1). 先行词、关系代词的种类： 关系代词先行词 ( 主 语 ) 主 格(后 跟 动 词 )(宾 语) 宾 格(后 有 主 语)(定 语)所 有 格(后 有 名 词) 人(动物拟人化)who , thatwhom / who, thatwhose/of whom 事物which , thatwhich , thatwhose / of which 事情 as as1. 根据先行词确定关系代词 使用什么关系代词，完全取决于先行词的性质(人或事物)、在从句中所担任的成分和它的人称、格和数。例：1. The man who / that teaches us Englis
4、h is from the USA.说明：先行词是man，而且关系代词在从句中担任主语，所以用主格形式who或that；同时，先行词是单数第三人称，定语从句中的谓语动词须与之在人称和数上保持一致，所以要用teaches。 I want to buy the books that / which were written by LuXun.说明：先行词是books，而且关系代词在从句中担任主语，所以用主格形式which或that；同时，先行词是复数，定语从句中的谓语动词须与之在人称和数上保持一致，所以要用were。例：2. The man (who / whom / that) I talked
5、 to just now is LiYan.说明：先行词是man，而且关系代词在从句中担任宾语，所以用宾格形式who或whom/that。 The pen (that / which) he gave me last week is black.说明：先行词是pen，而且关系代词在从句中担任宾语，所以用宾格形式which或that。例：3. Do you know the man whose name is WangYu? Do you know the man the name of whom is WangYu? 说明：先行词是man，而且关系代词在从句中担任定语，所以用所有格whose或
6、“名词+of whom”。 The book whose cover is black doesnt belong to me. The book the cover of which is black doesnt belong to me.说明：先行词是book，而且关系代词在从句中担任定语，所以用所有格whose或“名词+of which”。例：4. I have a lovely pet dog who /thathas four short legs.说明：先行词是dog ，而且关系代词在从句中担任主语，所以可用主格形式who或that；同时，先行词是单数第三人称，定语从句中谓语动词
7、须与之在人称和数上保持一致，所以要用has。 2). 确定和运用定语从句的思维步骤： A.找出先行词、关系代词和关系代词的人称、数和性。 关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，它们之间是一种“复指”关系。关系代词一般都跟在先行词之后，定语从句中的谓语动词须与先行词的人称和数保持统一。 B.确定关系代词在从句中担任的成分，用以确定关系代词的格。 作主语：指人时，who比that常用；指事物时，that比which常用。(不能省略) 作宾语：指人时，that比whom常用；指事物时，that或which均可。(口语中常省略)C.根据实际情况确定定语从句的时态和语态，不受主句的影响。 3). 指代
8、事物时只能用that而不用which的几种特殊情况： A.先行词all, any, one, none, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时 例： 1. All (that) we have to do is to practice every day. 2. Is there anything (that) I can do for you?3. Youll miss something that may be very important. B.当先行词被all, any, few, littl
9、e, no, just, some, much, every等修饰时。 例： 1. I have read all the books (that) you gave me.2. He answered few questions (that) the teacher asked.3. Jim told his father all the things that had happened. C.当先行词被the only / very / right / same / last, one of等修饰时。 例：1. My purse is not the only thing that is
10、missing. 2. These are the very words (that) he used. 3. He is the only person (that) I want to talk to. D.当先行词是序数词或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 例：1. The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten. 2. Thats one of the most interesting books that are sold in the shop. E.当先行词既有人又有物时。 例：They talked about
11、things and persons (that) they remembered in the school. F.当主句以who或which开头时，为了避免重复，不用who或which，而用that。 例：1. Who is the girl that spoke to you just now? 2. Which is the car that was made in China? G.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 例：China is not the country that it used to be.注意：(1). whom/which作介词的宾语时，介词一般可放在whom/w
12、hich之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上；但是在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上，保持其意义的相对独立与完整。例：1. The room which there is a machine in is a workshop. =The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.2. This is the person whom you are looking for. (正确) This is the person for whom you are looking. (错误) (2). that引导定语从句时可以指人或物，在从
13、句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词的宾语。 例：1. Is that the parrot (that/which) you are looking for? 2. She is the person (who/whom/that)I met at the school gate. 4). 指代事物时只能用which而不用that的几种特殊情况： A.当关系代词前有介词时。 例：Is this the room in which Mr. White lives? B.在句子中有两个定语从句，前一从句关系代词已经用了that，另一个宜用which。 例：Let me show
14、you the novel that I borrow from the library which was newly opened to us. C.在非限定性定语从句中。 例：His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died. D.当关系代词后面有插入语时。 例：Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. 5). 指代人时宜用who而不能用that的几种特殊情况： A. 先行词是one, ones, anyo
15、ne或具有泛指意义的he等时。 例：1. One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 2. I will shoot anyone who moves. 3. He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. B. 当先行词是those时。 例：Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. God helps those who help themselves. C. 当先行词有较长的后置
16、定语时。 例：I met a foreigner in the street who wished to visit you. D. 带有两个定语从句，其中前一个关系代词是that时。 例：The boy that you met yesterday is the group leader who studies hard. E. 在there be开头的句子中。 例：There is an old man who wants to see you.as引导的定语从句一as可以代替整个句子或一件事，引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，意为“正如，就像，据”；从句位置可置于主句之前
17、或之后，有时也可作为插入语置于句中，一般用逗号和主句隔开。as的这种用法常见于以下这些结构: as we can see, as can be seen, as we know, as is（well）known, as may be imagined, as often happens, as has been said before, as was mentioned above, as is often the case, as/indeed it is, as has been said above，as anybody can see，etc.1. As is well known,
18、 great changes have taken place in China.Or: Great changes, as is well known, have taken place in China. ( as在定语从句中作主语)2. This experiment is very simple，as indeed it is. (as在从句中作表语)3. Things are not always as they appear.4. The boy has as much progress as we had expected.注意：which在引导非限制性定语从句时，也有和as一样
19、的功能，可以代替整个句子，但which只能用在主句之后。在as所引导的非限制性定语从句中，如果运用的是被动语态结构，be动词可以省略；但which没有此用法，be动词不可省。She married him，which was unexpected.She married him as（was）unexpected.（作主语，代替前面的句子；用which时was不可省。）1. As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history .2. The earth , as we know, moves round the
20、 sun . 3. Tom works hard and is willing to help others, as we all know.二。as除了代替整个句子，也可以代替主句中一个特定的词。as在它引导的定语从句（限制性或非限制性）中可以充当主语，宾语和表语；在这种用法中它经常和such, so, thesame等词搭配使用；且当先行词中有such, so, thesame等词修饰时，关系代词通常必须用as。例:1. They were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand(事先)( as在定语从句中作主语，其先行词
21、是this decision) 2. I never heard such stories as he tells.( as在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是such stories.)3. The place doesnt look the same as it was before liberation.( as在定语从句中作表语，先行词是same)4. Have you bought the same book as I referred to yesterday?( as在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是book)注意: 先行词中有the same修饰时，定语从句也可用that引导，但意思上有区别
22、，as表示与此同类； that表示就是那一个，同物。例: Have you brought the same book that I gave you yesterday?( that在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是book。体会：本句中所指的书是同一本，上句中指的是同一类书，而并不就是那一本。)三关系副词及其用法： 关系副词在其引导的定语从句中作状语。 1). when指时间，只能跟在hour, moment, day, month, season, year等后面。(=at / in / on which) 例：1. This is the hour when the place is ful
23、l of children. 2. Do you remember the time when she came to see you? 2). where指地点，只能跟在village, town, city, home, place等的后面。 (=at / in / on which) 例：1. This is the place where I grew up. 2. She has gone home where she will stay for a week. 3). why 指原因，通常跟在reason后面( 不强调reason时可以省略)。 ( = for which) 例：1
24、. Do you know the reason why he didnt come on time? 2. Thats the reason (why) she doesnt like it. 注意：how虽然可以表方式，但是它不能引导定语从句来修饰way,而要用that或以in which的形式引导定语从句。 例：I dont know the way that (in which) I can solve this problem. (正确) I dont know the way how I can solve this problem. (错误)四使用定语从句时要注意的几个问题： A
25、.关系词在定语从句中既是引导词又在定语从句中担任一定的句子成分。因此，如果关系词在定语从句中作宾语，那么定语从句中就不能再出现宾语了。 例：Some of the boys (that / who / whom) I invited didnt come. (正确) Some of the boys (that / who / whom) I invited them didnt come. (错误) B.注意定语从句中的谓语动词须与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。 例：Those who have done the work may go home. (正确) Those who has don
26、e the work may go home. (错误) C.注意在定语从句中作主语的关系代词不能省略，作宾语的可以省略。 例：1. The students who dont study hard wont pass the exam. (正确) The students dont study hard wont pass the exam. (错误) 2. The train that/which was going to Beijing was late. (正确) The train was going to Beijing was late. (错误) D. 注意定语从句中不要多加关
27、系副词或介词。 例：The house where I live needs repairing. (正确) The house (that/which) I live in needs repairing. (正确) The house in which I live needs repairing. (正确) The house where I live in needs repairing. (错误) E. 注意不要把所有的表示时间或地点的词叫先行词时都用when或where来引导定语从句。 例：1. I still remember the days (that/which) we s
28、pent together here. (正确) I still remember the days when we spent together here. (错误) 2. This is the place (that/which) we visited last week. (正确) This is the place where we visited last week. (错误) 说明：1. 当先行词（或关系词）在从句中作主语、宾语或限定语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词。 例：1). The reason (that) he explained to us is not acc
29、epted by us all. (reason作explain的宾语) The reason why he was absent away from the meeting is unknown. (reason作状语) 2). Most people dress in a way that shows off their personality. (way作主语) Many young people today care about the way (that / in which) they look. (way作状语) 2. 定语从句中的谓语动词如果是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语，其
30、前面的关系词作它的 宾语，要用关系代词而不是关系副词；反之，如果是不及物动词，其前面的关系词是作它的状语的，要用关系副词而不是关系代词。（即：当所选择的关系词不是作主语时，逢及物动词选关系代词，逢不及物动词选关系副词） F. 注意“介词+关系代词”型的定语从句中，介词后只可用whom / which而不用who / that。 例：1. This is the book for which he asked. (=This is the book he asked for.) 2. I dont know the way in which you speak to your parents.
31、(=I dont know the way that you speak to your parents.) G. 关系副词when, where或why变为“介词+关系代词”的情况。 例：1. Do you remember the day when Mr. Smith gave us a lecture? = Do you remember the day on which Mr. Smith gave us a lecture? 2. This is the place where we had a party last time. = This is the place in whic
32、h we had a party last time. 3. Thats the reason (why) she doesnt like it. = Thats the reason (for which) she doesnt like it. H. 部分含介词的固定短语动词一般不把动词和介词拆开使用，介词仍放在动词后面，使短语意义完整和相对独立。 例：Is this the book (that / which) you are looking for?五(小结)定语从句的辨析与使用：A. 判断名词或代词与从句之间是否定语关系 定语从句。B. 找出先行词: 名词或代词。1. 根据先行词确
33、定引导定语从句的关系词： 代词： 人 who / that / whom 副词： 时间 when 物 that / which 地点 where 所有关系whose / of which 原因 why 方式 that / in which2. 确定关系词在从句中担任的成分以确定其形式： 主语 主格(不省略) 宾语宾格(可省略) 所属关系 所有格 状语 when / where / why / in whichC. 根据实际情况确定定语从句的时态(不受主句的限制)。D. 注意先行词(含修饰词)部分是否属于特殊情况。关系代词指代物时只能用that或 which，指代人时只能用who或that的情况
34、参考前面的第二大部分的3）5）项的内容。检验方法：还原从句与先行词从句 + 先行词(即：把先行词移到从句谓语动词后，以动宾关系是否成立确定关系连接词) 1. 及物动词 + 宾语(名词/代词) 关系代词(who / whom / that / which) 2. 不及物动词 + 介词 + 宾语 关系代词(who / whom / that / which) 3. 不及物动词 + 状语 (副词) a.关系副词(when / where / why / in which) b.关系代词(that / which + Vi + 介词) c.关系代词(介词 + whom / which + Vi) 说明
35、：1. 当先行词（或关系词）在从句中作主语、宾语或限定语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词。2. 定语从句中的谓语动词如果是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语，其前面的关系词作它的宾语，要用关系代词而不是关系副词；反之，如果是不及物动词或表意完整的句子，其前面的关系词是作它的状语的，要用关系副词而不是关系代词。（即：当所选择的关系词不是作主语时，逢及物动词选关系代词，逢不及物动词选关系副词）注意： 1.不要重复宾语 2.谓语与先行词保持统一 3.根据动词性质确定关系代词或副词4.注意动宾关系 5. that/which/who特殊情况 6.注意短语的完整同位语从句和定语从句的区别 同位语从句和定
36、语从句都放在被修饰词后，从形式上看，十分相似。从以下几个方面来谈它们的区别。 1、 从句所修饰词的不同。同位语从句所修饰词通常是少数一些表抽象意义的名词，如belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, possibility, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, discovery, knowledge, law, opinion, problem, promise, proof, question, report, truth, risk 等。
37、定语从句的先行词通常是指具体的名词或代词，如人、物、时间、地点或表抽象的原因、方式等。例： He has told us a fact that drinking too much does harm to our health. (同位语从句) We have no idea that her mother was a professor ten years ago. . (同位语从句) This is the book that I bought yesterday. （定语从句） I will never forget the day when I joined the Party. （
38、定语从句） 2、 连接词的作用不同。连接同位语从句的连接词(如that)只起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何句子成分，即名词与从句没有逻辑关系。whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。连接定语从句的关系词(代词和副词)除了连接从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，即先行词与从句有逻辑关系，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。常见的关系代词和关系副词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as，than, but 等。 例：The news that he wants to get is
39、 whether he will be sent to the countryside.(定语从句，关系代词that作从句get的宾语。) Do you have a doubt whether she will be dismissed from school? (同位语从句) I have no idea how his parents were sad on hearing that their son was killed in the earthquake. (同位语从句)比较：1. The news that they won the match is true. (同位语从句，n
40、ews和从句没有逻辑关系) The news that you told us yesterday is true. (定语从句，news是told逻辑宾语) 2. The order when we should return hasnt reached us. (同位语从句，order和从句没有逻辑关系) The day when New China was founded will never be forgotten. (定语从句，day是founded逻辑状语)3、 从句作用的不同。同位语从句具有名词的特点，对中心词作进一步补充解释说明，是中心词的具体内容。定语从句具有形容词或副词的
41、特点，对先行词起修饰、限定作用，描述先行词的性质或特征，与先行词之间是所属关系。例： The man that you saw just now is my bother. (定语从句) The suggestion that the meeting be put off proved right. （同位语从句） The suggestion that he had made is that the meeting be put off. （定语从句）4、 连词的省略与否。 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略，而引导定语从句的关系词作宾语时常可省略。5、 正确理解和使用同位语从句，还应注意以下几点
42、： A. 分隔同位语从句：有时同位语从句与其先行词被其它成分分隔开来，这种分隔主要出于修辞原因，即为了保持句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。 The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing . 真相终于大白了，他原来是只披着羊皮的狼。 An order has come from Beijing that these thieves will be sentenced to death . A. 在某些名词后的同位语从句中，其谓语动词应用虚拟语气形式：（should） + 动词原形。常见的名词有advice
43、, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request 等。例：The suggestion that a new bridge (should) be built was accepted . 采纳了在这里修建一座新桥的建议。 C. 同位语从句的先行词往往没有复数形式。例： 他要来教我们英语的消息昨天我就听说了。 （正）The message that he would teach us English reached me yesterday . (误) The messages that he would teach us English reached me yesterday .
