1、秦始皇秦朝(前221前207)的创建者。其父是秦国君王。尽管中原国家认为秦国过于野蛮，但秦国仍然在法家(参阅韩非子Hanfeizi)思想的指导下，发展出强大的官僚政府。赵政在李斯的协助下，于公元前221年之前，消灭了其它国家，取得最高的统治权。他自称为始皇帝(第一位至高无上的皇帝)，发动改革，计划创造出一个完全中央集权的行政体系。秦始皇帝对于法术与炼丹术颇有兴趣，希望求得长生不死的仙丹。他对方士的信赖遭到儒家学者强烈谴责，其中许多儒生因此而被处决。儒家学者并倡导回归到旧有的封建制。由于他们毫不屈服，导致秦始皇下令焚烧所有非实用性的书籍。在传统历史上一致认为他彻底的恶劣、残酷、粗野与迷信。现代的
2、历史学者则强调其官僚与管理架构的持久性。虽然秦朝在秦始皇死亡后崩溃瓦解，但后世的朝代仍采用其行政架构。秦始皇被埋葬在一座巨大的陵墓中，其中附带一支超过6,000具赤陶兵马俑所组成的军队。 Qin Shi Huangdi（259 BC 210 BC）Qin Shi Huangdi, personal name Ying Zheng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified
3、 China in 221 BC. He ruled until his death in 210 BC at the age of 50.His father was king of Qin, which was regarded as barbarous by the central states of China but had developed a strong bureaucratic government under the philosophy of legalism (see Hanfeizi). Aided by Li Si, Zheng eliminated the ot
4、her Chinese states until in 221 BC Qin ruled supreme. He proclaimed himself Shihuangdi (First Sovereign Emperor) and initiated reforms designed to create a fully centralized administration. He was interested in magic and alchemy, hoping for an elixir of immortality; his reliance on magicians was str
5、ongly condemned by Confucian scholars, many of whom he executed. The scholars also advocated a return to old feudal ways; their obstinacy led him to order the burning of all non-utilitarian books. Traditional histories regarded him as the ultimate villain, cruel, uncultivated, and superstitious. Mod
6、ern historians stress the endurance of his bureaucratic and administrative structure. Though the Qin dynasty collapsed after his death, future dynasties adopted his structures. He was buried in a massive tomb with an army of more than 6,000 terra-cotta soldiers and horses. Qin Shi Huang remains a co
7、ntroversial figure in Chinese history. After unifying China, he and his chief advisor Li Si passed a series of major economic and political reforms. He undertook gigantic projects, including the first version of the Great Wall of China, the now famous city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Ter
8、racotta Army, and a massive national road system, all at the expense of numerous lives. To ensure stability, Qin Shi Huang outlawed and burned many books. Despite the tyranny of his autocratic rule, Qin Shi Huang is regarded as a pivotal figure.In 230 BC, King Zheng unleashed the final campaigns of
9、the Warring States Period, setting out to conquer the remaining independent kingdoms, one by one.The first state to fall was Han, in 230 BC. Then Qin took advantage of a natural disaster, the 229 BC Zhao state earthquake, to invade and conquer Zhao where Qin Shi Huang had been born. He now avenged h
10、is poor treatment as a child hostage there, seeking out and killing his enemies.Qin armies conquered the state of Zhao in 228 BC, the northern country of Yan in 226 BC, the small state of Wei in 225 BC, and the largest state and greatest challenge, Chu, in 223 BC.In 222 BC, the last remnants of Yan
11、and its royal family were captured in Liaodong in the northeast. The only independent country left was now state of Qi, in the far east, what is now the Shandong peninsula. Terrified, the young king of Qi sent 300,000 men to defend his western borders. In 221 BC, the Qin armies invaded from the nort
12、h, captured the king, and annexed Qi.For the first time, all of China was unified under one powerful ruler. In that same year, King Zheng proclaimed himself the First Emperor .In the South, military expansion continued during his reign, with various regions being annexed to what is now Guangdong pro
13、vince and part of todays Vietnam.Qin Shihuang, named Own, eliminate after six countries, the unification of China, said that the first emperor, the founding emperor of the Qin dynasty. Two thousand years, evaluation of him is very controversial, the emperor what in the end is a figure?Li difficult c
14、hildhood and youth born into imperial emperors son about his father (also known as different people) do has a direct relation with the hostages.He was born in the era of the late Warring States Period, and the struggle between the countries unusually fierce.Qin was one of Pharmacology, listened to t
15、he emperors great-grandfather Qinzhaowang Fan osprey long diplomatic offensive strategy.put offensive spearhead of the countrys first at the Han and Wei and Zhao joint and distant.Follow the practice, the two countries exchanged hostages to express their sincere.Zhao was sent to the Qin emperors son
16、 about his father because he is not very high in the Chancellors position.Chu is the grandson Qinzhaowang son, Prince Edward security monarch (emperors grandfather) son.Xia Ji sons mother about not being cared for Guo, popular son about his son in more than 20 security monarch ranked in the middle,
17、not the son,So low status, and when it chose to select him hostage.Chu Zhao very pleased with the son, but he did change the destiny of L Buwei, Prime Minister.L Buwei, Prime Minister at that time was a rich businessman, he will be speculation,Chu would think that he is like a son to see a precious
18、commodity, like a rare commodity.He earned fame and fortune through the future (this is now a rare commodity, the origins of this phrase).L Buwei, Prime Minister very familiar with the Chancellor of the Insider, while focusing on the most popular knows the value of his wife, but she has no son.would
19、 give up its mind about the value of his wife over son to son, then the security monarch ascended the throne after Prince Edward,Chu is the son Prince Edward, he was definitely going to make use of the enormous sums of money and political capital.Minds, it L Buwei, Prime Minister of those actions.He
20、 cited 1000 as the capital, about 500 elements of the gift, let him make a lot of friends,Jizhenyibao 500 payment for the purchase, then brought to the Chancellor.He was very clever, and not directly to see the value of focusing on his wife, but a more secure more effective diversionary tactics :loo
21、king for the value of his wifes sister.L Buwei, Prime Minister display of eloquence, Setsuko about how wise and intelligent and how to make friends in the world, full of ambition.While living abroad, but miss the kind of everyday security monarch and his wife, the value of the Xian - hui,He often sa
22、id to him, his wife, Chu is the son of God, and sometimes at night have also miss tears.Lastly, see the value of his wifes sister was so moved, she transferred to the value of the gift his wife.Huayang L Buwei, Prime Ministers wife accepted the gift on behalf of her son to Chu, heard about her sons
23、attitude and security monarch,Chu will have goodwill toward.Huayang L Buwei, Prime Minister also persuaded his wife to persuade the value of his wifes sister.let her in the House as soon as possible to select a good son as his own son, for saving immediately.Even in death Qinzhaowang then have to ke
24、ep its status, and the son is clearly the most suitable candidate.L Buwei, Prime Minister of astute businessmen calculations, the value of his wife the night of the anxious feelings precisely, a sister to put the mattersuit.Thus, the value of focusing on the use of his wife would love to convince Ri
25、tsuko clear for his successor.Matter what the situation and status of the son about a lot of changes have taken place :An Guojun and his wife, the value of a son to clear enough money, L Buwei, Prime Minister also let him do the job, assisting son Chu.Since then, L Buwei, Prime Minister longer live
26、in the Handan and son work together to make the world about the guests, waiting to return to do Prince,ready to inherit the throne after the arrival earlier in the day.To better befriend son talked about sending a good son L Buwei, Prime Minister returned to the beautiful singing and dancing, becaus
27、e it was the capital of Zhao.Therefore, the history of her ZHAO Ji.Later, ZHAO Ji Chusheng son to son, and this is the emperor.Started his surname, Zhao was born.Because it is born in the first lunar month, the name is now, and later on changed political.When returned to the Qin surname changed only
28、 win.Just born emperor of Qin and Zhao allies will by the enemy.The next year, Zhao Qin siege of the son was going to kill him and that the results clearly son L Buwei, Prime Ministers help,Cheng Mun bribed the officials, escaped from the Handan City.In his grandmothers and mother emperor under the
29、cover to escape the disaster.Six years later, 475, 215, Qinzhaowang death, security monarch ascended the throne, which is Slight WENWANGGOU, Huayang wife of the queen,Chu is the son Prince Edward.At this time, Qin Zhao, and the friendly relations restored to its previous state, and the mother return
30、ed to the emperor Qin.An incumbent ruler is a very short time, the first year mourning for his father, died just three days after the formal enthronement.Chu son ascended the throne, Qin Zhuangxiangwang.Just turned out, I would let a prime minister L Buwei, Prime Minister, 1771 letter Hou.Son knew about but did not last long, only three years, then died.475, 247, just 13 years old emperor ascended the throne Own it, because young,Zhao L Buwei, Prime Minister and political affairs fall into the hands of the Empress.
