1、2014-2015学年高中英语（湖南精品）同步教案【8】：Unit 5 First aid（人教新课标必修5）备考参考资源1. Animal bitesDomestic pets cause most animal bites. Dogs are more likely to bite than cats. Cat bites, however, are more likely to cause infection. If an animal bites you or your child, follow these guidelines:For minor wounds. If the bi
2、te barely breaks the skin, treat it as a minor wound. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection and cover the bite with a clean bandage. For deep wounds. If the bite creates a deep puncture of the skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply
3、pressure to stop the bleeding and see your doctor. For infection. If you notice signs of infection such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing, see your doctor immediately. For suspected rabies. If you suspect the bite was caused by an animal that might carry rabies any bite from a wild or d
4、omestic animal of unknown immunization status see your doctor immediately.2. SnakebitesMost snakes arent poisonous. A few exceptions include the rattlesnake, coral snake, water moccasin and copperhead. Most poisonous snakes have slit-like eyes. Their heads are triangular, with a depression or pit mi
5、dway between the eyes and nostrils.Other characteristics unique to certain poisonous snakes:Rattlesnakes make a rattling sound by shaking the rings at the end of their tails. Water moccasins have a white, cottony lining in their mouths. Coral snakes have red, yellow and black rings along the length
6、of their bodies. To reduce your risk of snakebites, avoid picking up or playing with any snake unless youre properly trained. Most snakes usually avoid people if possible and bite only when threatened or surprised.If youre bitten by a snake: Remain calm. Dont try to capture the snake. Immobilize the
7、 bitten arm or leg and try to stay as quiet as possible. Remove jewelry, as swelling tends to progress rapidly. Dont cut the wound or attempt to remove the venom. Dont use a tourniquet or apply ice. Seek medical attention as soon as possible, especially if the bitten area changes color, begins to sw
8、ell or is painful. 3. ChokingIn adults, choking is often the result of inadequately chewed food becoming lodged in the throat or windpipe. Solid foods such as meat are frequently the cause.These factors increase the risk of choking: Talking while simultaneously chewing a piece of meat. Drinking alco
9、hol while eating. Wearing dentures. Because dentures exert less chewing pressure than natural teeth and they interfere with the way food feels in the mouth, they make it more difficult to thoroughly chew food. Young children tend to put into their mouths almost anything that fits, so choking can occ
10、ur unassociated with a meal.Panic accompanies choking. The choking victims face often assumes an expression of fear or terror. At first the victim may turn purple, the eyes may bulge, and he or she may wheeze or gasp.If the person can cough freely, has normal skin color and can speak, he or she is n
11、ot choking. If the cough is more like a gasp and the person is turning blue, he or she is probably choking. If in doubt, ask the choking person if he or she can talk. If the person can speak, then the windpipe is not completely blocked and oxygen is reaching the lungs. If choking is occurring, begin
12、 to perform the Heimlich maneuver.To perform the Heimlich maneuver on someone else:Stand behind the choking person and wrap your arms around his or her waist. Bend the person slightly forward. Make a fist with one hand and place it slightly above the persons navel. Grasp your fist with the other han
13、d and press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust. Repeat this procedure until the object is expelled from the airway. To perform the Heimlich maneuver on yourself:Position your own fist slightly above your navel. Grasp your fist with your other hand and bend over a hard surface a counte
14、rtop or chair will do. Shove your fist inward and upward. Clearing the airway of a pregnant woman or obese person:Position your hands a little bit higher than with a normal Heimlich maneuver, at the base of the breastbone, just above the joining of the lowest ribs. Proceed as with the Heimlich maneu
15、ver, pressing hard into the chest, with a quick thrust. Repeat until the food or other blockage is dislodged or the person becomes unconscious. Clearing the airway of an unconscious person:Position the person on his or her back, look inside the mouth and sweep the area with your finger to see if you
16、 can remove the blockage. If not, kneel over the person and apply upward thrusts to the upper abdomen. Repeat the process as necessary. Look inside the mouth again and sweep the area with your finger to try to remove the blockage. Then kneel over the person and apply upward thrusts to the upper abdo
17、men. Clearing the airway of a choking infant:Assume a seated position and hold the infant facedown on your forearm, which is resting on your thigh. Thump the infant gently but firmly five times on the middle of the back using the heel of your hand. The combination of gravity and the back blows shoul
18、d release the blocking object. If this doesnt work, hold the infant face up on your forearm with the head lower than the trunk. Using two fingers placed at the center of the infants breastbone, give five quick chest compressions. If breathing doesnt resume, repeat the back blows and chest thrusts. C
19、all for emergency medical help. If one of these techniques opens the airway but the infant doesnt resume breathing, begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. The universal sign for choking is a hand clutched to the throat, with thumb and fingers extended. If a person displays this sign, dial 911 or call f
20、or emergency medical assistance. Dont leave the person unattended.4. Cuts and scrapesMinor cuts and scrapes usually dont require a trip to the emergency room. Yet proper care is essential to avoid infection or other complications. These guidelines can help you care for simple wounds:Stop the bleedin
21、g. Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own. If they dont, apply gentle pressure with a clean cloth or bandage. Hold the pressure continuously for 20 to 30 minutes. Dont keep checking to see if the bleeding has stopped because this may damage the fresh clot thats forming and cause b
22、leeding to resume. If the blood spurts or continues to flow after continuous pressure, seek medical assistance. Clean the wound. Rinse out the wound with clear water. Soap can irritate the wound, so try to keep it out of the actual wound. If dirt or debris remains in the wound after washing, use twe
23、ezers cleaned with alcohol to remove the particles. If debris remains embedded in the wound after cleaning, see your doctor. Thorough wound cleaning reduces the risk of tetanus. To clean the area around the wound, use soap and a washcloth. Theres no need to use hydrogen peroxide, iodine or an iodine
24、-containing cleanser. These substances irritate living cells. If you choose to use them, dont apply them directly on the wound. Apply an antibiotic. After you clean the wound, apply a thin layer of an antibiotic cream or ointment such as Neosporin or Polysporin to help keep the surface moist. The pr
25、oducts dont make the wound heal faster, but they can discourage infection and allow your bodys healing process to close the wound more efficiently. Certain ingredients in some ointments can cause a mild rash in some people. If a rash appears, stop using the ointment. Cover the wound. Exposure to air
26、 speeds healing, but bandages can help keep the wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out. Change the dressing. Change the dressing at least daily or whenever it becomes wet or dirty. If youre allergic to the adhesive used in most bandages, switch to adhesive-free dressings or sterile gauze held in
27、place with paper tape, gauze roll or a loosely applied elastic bandage. These supplies generally are available at pharmacies. Get stitches for deep wounds. A wound that cuts deeply through the skin or is gaping or jagged-edged and has fat or muscle protruding may require stitches. A strip or two of
28、surgical tape may hold a minor cut together, but if you cant easily close the mouth of the wound, see your doctor. Proper closure minimizes scarring and infection. Watch for signs of infection. See your doctor if the wound isnt healing or you notice any redness, drainage, warmth or swelling. Get a t
29、etanus shot. Doctors recommend you get a tetanus shot every 10 years. If your wound is deep or dirty and your last shot was more than five years ago, your doctor may recommend a tetanus shot booster. Get the booster within 48 hours of the injury.5. Fever: First aidFahrenheit-Celsius conversion table
30、F10540.510440.010339.410238.910138.310037.79937.29836.69736.19635.5Fever is one of your bodys reactions to infection. Usually the normal body temperature doesnt exceed 99 F (37.2 C). The value of 98.6 F (37 C) listed as normal body temperature is only a general guide. Isolated temperature elevations
31、 usually arent dangerous in an adult until the temperature reaches 103 F (39.4 C). Taking aspirin or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) usually reduces a fever in adults. Dont give aspirin to children younger than 17 years of age. The use of aspirin has been linked with Reyes syndrome a rare but seriou
32、s illness that can affect the blood, liver and brain of children and teenagers after a viral infection. How to take a temperatureYou can choose from several types of thermometers. Today, most have digital readouts. Some take the temperature quickly from the ear canal and can be especially useful for
33、 young children and older adults. Others can be used rectally, orally or under the arm. If you use a digital thermometer, be sure to read the instructions, so you know what the beeps mean and when to read the thermometer. Under normal circumstances, temperatures tend to be highest around 4 p.m. and
34、lowest around 4 a.m.Due to the potential for mercury exposure or ingestion, glass mercury thermometers are being phased out.Rectally (for infants)To take your childs temperature rectally: Place a dab of petroleum jelly or other lubricant on the bulb. Lay your child on his or her stomach. Carefully i
35、nsert the bulb one-half inch to one inch into the rectum. Hold the bulb and child still for three minutes.To avoid injury, dont let go of the thermometer while its inside your baby. Remove and read the temperature as recommended by the manufacturer. A rectal temperature reading is generally 1 degree
36、 F higher than an oral reading. OrallyTo take your temperature orally: Place the bulb under your tongue. Close your mouth for the recommended amount of time, usually three minutes. If youre using a nondigital thermometer, rotate it slowly after removing it from your mouth until you can read the temp
37、erature. Under the arm (axillary)You can also use an oral thermometer for an armpit reading: Place the thermometer under your arm with your arms down. Hold your arms across your chest. Wait five minutes or as recommended by your thermometers manufacturer then remove and read the temperature. An axil
38、lary reading is generally 1 degree F less than an oral reading Get medical help for a fever in these cases: A baby younger than 3 months has a rectal temperature of 100.5 F (38 C) or higher or an ear temperature of 99.5 F (37.5) or higher If a child older than 3 months maintains a temperature of 103
39、 F (39.4 C) after a few hours of home treatment If an adult has a temperature of greater than 104 F (40.0 C) or a temperature of 101 F (38.3 C) that persists for longer than 3 days Call your doctor immediately if the fever is accompanied by severe headache, stiff neck, swelling of the throat or ment
40、al confusion, or if you see unusual rashes or bite marks.6. Heart attack: First aidA heart attack occurs when one or more arteries supplying your heart with blood and oxygen become blocked. This loss of blood flow injures your heart muscle. A heart attack generally causes chest pain for longer than
41、15 minutes, but it can also be silent and have no symptoms at all.About half the people who suffer a heart attack have warning symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. The earliest predictor of an attack may be recurrent chest pain thats triggered by exertion and relieved by rest.The American Heart
42、 Association lists these warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack. Be aware that you may not have all of them and that symptoms may come and go. Uncomfortable pressure, fullness or squeezing pain in the center of your chest, lasting more than a few minutes Pain spreading to your shoulders, neck
43、or arms Lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea or shortness of breath If you suspect a heart attack, even if it feels like indigestion, act immediately:1. Call 911 or emergency medical assistance. The operator contacts the emergency medical services (EMS) system. In areas without 911 service, c
44、all the emergency medical response system. Its usually better to call these emergency numbers first. Calling your doctor may add unnecessary time. When you call, describe symptoms such as severe shortness of breath or chest pain. This ensures a priority dispatch of EMS responders (paramedics) traine
45、d in basic and advanced cardiac life support. Most EMS units carry a portable defibrillator, a device that restores normal heart rhythm by delivering electrical shocks. Defibrillators can be critical to early successful treatment and survival. Many police and fire rescue units also carry defibrillat
46、ors and may respond before an ambulance does. 2. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). If the person youre calling about is unconscious, an emergency dispatcher may advise you to begin emergency treatment. If youre not trained in emergency procedures, doctors recommend skipping mouth-to-mouth r
47、escue breathing and proceeding directly to chest compression. The reason is that if youre distracted by trying to perform unfamiliar breathing techniques, valuable lifesaving minutes might be lost for the person who needs help. The most important thing you can do is to proceed directly to chest comp
48、ression to move blood to vital organs, particularly the brain and heart. If youre trained in emergency procedures, its important to do both mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and chest compression. 3. Decide on the fastest method of transportation. A dispatcher automatically notifies the closest well-e
49、quipped EMS unit. Ideally, EMS responders should reach you within 4 to 5 minutes. If you live in a rural or large metropolitan area, however, you may get to the hospital faster by having someone drive you. Dont drive yourself! 4. Go to the nearest emergency cardiac care facility. Identify in advance
50、 the nearest center staffed 24 hours a day with doctors trained to provide emergency cardiac care. 5. Chew aspirin. Aspirin inhibits blood clotting, which helps maintain blood flow through a narrowed artery. If you think youre having a heart attack, take one regular-strength aspirin and chew it to s
51、peed absorption. Avoid aspirin if you are allergic to it or if you have bleeding problems. Dont delay calling for emergency help just because youve taken aspirin. Aspirin alone wont treat your heart attack. 7. Severe bleedingTo stop severe bleeding:1. Have the injured person lie down. If possible, p
52、osition the persons head slightly lower than the trunk or elevate the legs. This position reduces the risk of fainting by increasing blood flow to the brain. If also possible, elevate the site of bleeding. 2. Remove any obvious dirt or debris from the wound. Dont remove any large or more deeply embe
53、dded objects. Dont probe the wound or attempt to clean it at this point. Your principal concern is to stop the bleeding. 3. Apply pressure directly on the wound. Use a sterile bandage, clean cloth or even a piece of clothing. If nothing else is available, use your hand. 4. Maintain pressure until th
54、e bleeding stops. When it does, bind the wound tightly with a bandage (or even a piece of clean clothing) and adhesive tape. 5. Dont reposition displaced organs. If the wound is abdominal and organs have been displaced, dont try to reposition them. Cover the wound with a dressing. 6. Dont remove the
55、 gauze or bandage. If the bleeding continues and seeps through the gauze or other material you are holding on the wound, dont remove it. Instead, add more absorbent material on top of it. 7. Squeeze a main artery if necessary. If the bleeding doesnt stop with direct pressure, apply pressure to the a
56、rtery delivering blood to the area of the wound. Pressure points of the arm are on the inside of the arm just above the elbow and just below the armpit. Pressure points of the leg are just behind the knee and in the groin. Squeeze the main artery in these areas against the bone. Keep your fingers fl
57、at. With your other hand, continue to exert pressure on the wound itself. 8. Immobilize the injured body part once the bleeding has stopped. Leave the bandages in place and get the injured person to the emergency room as soon as possible.8. ToothacheTooth decay is the primary cause of toothaches for
58、 most children and adults. Bacteria that live in your mouth thrive on the sugars and starches in the food you eat. These bacteria form a sticky plaque that clings to the surface of your teeth.Acids produced by the bacteria in plaque can eat through the hard, white coating on the outside of your teet
59、h (enamel), creating a cavity. The first sign of decay may be a sensation of pain when you eat something sweet, very cold or very hot. A toothache often indicates that your dentist will need to work on your teeth.Until you can see your dentist, try these self-care tips: Use dental floss to remove an
60、y food particles wedged between your teeth. Try sucking on an ice cube placed in the area of irritation. Sometimes ice may not help, though, and may even make pain worse. Take an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever to dull the ache. Apply an OTC antiseptic containing benzocaine directly to the irri
61、tated tooth and gum to temporarily relieve pain. Direct application of oil of cloves (eugenol) also may help. Dont place aspirin or other painkiller directly against your gums as it may burn your gum tissue.Swelling, pain when you bite, a foul-tasting discharge and redness indicate infection. See yo
62、ur dentist as soon as possible.Call your dentist if: The pain persists for more than a day or two You have fever with the toothache You have trouble breathing or swallowing 9. NosebleedsNosebleeds are common. Most often they are a nuisance and not a true medical problem. But they can be both. Why do
63、 they start, and how can they be stopped?Among children and young adults, nosebleeds usually begin on the septum, just inside the nose. The septum separates your nasal chambers.In middle aged and older adults, nosebleeds can begin on the septum, but they may also begin deeper in the noses interior.
64、This latter form of nosebleed is much less common. It may be caused by hardened arteries or high blood pressure. These nosebleeds begin spontaneously and are often difficult to stop. They require a specialists help.To take care of a nosebleed: Sit upright. By remaining upright, you reduce blood pres
65、sure in the veins of your nose. This discourages further bleeding. Pinch your nose. Use your thumb and index finger and breathe through your mouth. Continue the pinch for 5 or 10 minutes. This maneuver sends pressure to the bleeding point on the nasal septum and often stops the flow of blood. To pre
66、vent re-bleeding after bleeding has stopped, dont pick or blow your nose and dont bend down until several hours after the bleeding episode. Keep your head higher than the level of your heart. If re-bleeding occurs, sniff in forcefully to clear your nose of blood clots, spray both sides of your nose
67、with a decongestant nasal spray containing oxymetazoline (Afrin, Dristan, others). Pinch your nose again in the technique described above and call your doctor.Seek medical care immediately if: The bleeding lasts for more than 15 to 30 minutes You feel weak or faint, which can result from the blood l
68、oss The bleeding is rapid or if the amount of blood loss is great Bleeding begins by trickling down the back of your throatIf you experience frequent nosebleeds, make an appointment with your doctor. You may need to have the blood vessel thats causing your problem cauterized. Cautery is a technique
69、in which the blood vessel is burned with electric current, silver nitrate or a laser. Sometimes, your doctor may pack your nose with special gauze or an inflatable latex balloon to put pressure on the blood vessel and stop the bleeding.10. Special ProblemsWhen part of the body has been torn off. Try
70、 to find the part Wrap it in a clean dressing and place in a plasctic bag. Put the bag on ice, but dont freeze. Take the part to the hospital. When an object is impaled in a wound. Do not remove it. You could reveal an open artery which would then be awfully hard to deal with, a.k.a. nearly impossib
71、le. Bandage many dressings around the object to immobilize it and support it in its position in the wound. Splinters. A small splinter in the skin should be removed with tweezers. For a splinter in the eye, seek emergency help immediately, do not touch it. Nosebleeds. Have the victim sit with his or
72、 her head tilted a little bit foward while pinching his or her nostrils together. One could also place an ice pack on the bridge of the nose. Injury to the mouth. If the injury does not involve the head, neck, or spine, have the victim sit with the head slightly tilted forward. If the victim is unab
73、le to reach this position, place the victim on his or her side. This ensures that blood drains from the mouth. If the injury has broken the lip, place a cleanrolled dressing between the lip and gum. Applying cold can also help. If a tooth is knocked out . Place a small roll of sterile gauze in the g
74、ap left by the tooth that was knocked out. Pick up the tooth not by the root, but by the crown, the part you see when you smile in the mirror. If you can, place the tooth back how it belongs in the socket. If you cant put the tooth back in, put the tooth in a container with cool, fresh milk. If this
75、 cannot be done, use water. Caring for a Minor Open Wound Stop the bleeding by applying pressure with a clean, absorbant cloth, or if cloth is unavailable, your fingers. If the blood soaks through, apply a second bandage on top. Do not take off the first bandage because it will disturb the clotting
76、that has already taken place. If bleeding still doesnt stop, raise the wound above heart level. Once bleeding stops, clean the wound gently with soap and water, or just water. It is very important to get all debris or dirt out. Apply an antibiotic ointment such as bacitration or a triple antibiotic
77、ointment. Remember, some people are allergic to these ointments, so contact your doctor if you have any doubts. Wrap the wound firmly in a cloth or a bandage. Do not cut off circulation! Covering the wound with a clean dressing, press against it firmly with your hand. Elevate the wound above the lev
78、el of the heart. The clean dressing should then be covered over with a roll bandage (like an Ace) to hold the dressings in place. If bleeding still does not stop, add additional dressings over the roll bandage. Squeeze a pressure point, the artery against the bone. This is in the bottom upper arm, o
79、r where the leg bends at the hip. Once the bandages and pressure point are being maintained, have someone call EMS if they have not already. Types of Wounds Name DescriptionAvulsionIn an avulsion, a portion of skin is torn. This can be partial, with a portion of skin remaining as a “flap.” In a tota
80、l avulsion, a body part is completely torn off.bruise Bleeding that occurs under the skin causes discoloration, swelling. The area begins as red but may turn into a “black and blue mark.”cut A cut is a split in the skin caused by a sharp object, such as a knife, or even a dull object. A cut can have
81、 either a jagged or smooth edge.puncture A puncture wound is caused when the skin is pierced by a sharp object. Included in this category are gunshot wounds, impaled objects, and an object that passes totally through a part of the body.ScrapeA scrape is very common, and occurs when skin is rubbed or scraped away.
