1、1ruin n残垣断壁，废墟ruinousadj.毁灭性的ruinously adv.毁灭性地2dismiss v拒绝考虑，否定dismissal n解雇；摒弃；不予考虑dismissive adj.轻蔑的；鄙视的3abandon v离弃，逃离abandoned adj.被离弃的；被遗弃的abandonment n离弃；遗弃；抛弃1bury v将埋在下面，覆盖；掩藏(感情等)；隐居；专心致志于Latest reports say that mud slides buried entire villages.覆盖Since she left，hes buried himself in his w
2、ork.专心致志于He had learned to bury his feelings.掩藏She buried herself in the country to write a book.隐居2abandon v离弃，逃离；遗弃，抛弃；中止；放弃(信念等)The captain gave the order to abandon their ship.离弃We had to abandon the match because of heavy rain.中止Critics accused the politician of abandoning his principles.放弃The
3、old couple adopted a baby abandoned by its parents.遗弃Words and Phrases知识要点1correspond v相一致；符合(教材原句P50)Through comparison，he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars.通过比较，他发现已知的117个玛雅城市的位置与恒星的位置相对应。例Your account and hers do not correspond.你说的情况与她说
4、的不相符。知识拓展(1)correspond with/to与相一致；符合/相当于correspond with.与通信(2)corresponding adj.相应的，相关联的即学即练单句语法填空The translation does not quite correspond to/with the original.The Britishs job of lecturer corresponds roughly to the US Associate Professor.Give each picture a number corresponding (correspond) to it
5、s position on the page.知识要点2bury v将埋在下面(教材原句P50)Based on this，he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle.基于这一点，他认为他发现了一个掩埋在丛林深处的未知的玛雅城市。例After the battle, they buried the dead.战斗结束后，他们埋葬了阵亡者。知识拓展bury ones head/face in ones hands用手捂住头/脸bury oneself inbe buried in埋头于；专心于
6、be buried in thought陷入深思即学即练单句语法填空Tons of old computers, telephones and other devices are often taken to landfills and buried(bury) under the ground.They finally discovered those treasure buried(bury) under the tree.In order to pass the examination, Henry is burying herself(he) in going over his les
7、sons.Buried(bury) in his novel, Peter didnt notice that it was getting dark.小片段填空The woman was sitting on the bench in the park，burying her head in her hands.So she did not notice the thief who stood beside her with his hands buried in the pockets of his dark overcoat.(bury)知识要点3apply vi.把运用到(教材原句P5
8、0)They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar，which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year.他们把这种理解运用到玛雅历法中，它能精确到每年的误差在30秒之内。例The new technology was applied to farming.这项新技术被应用于农业了。知识拓展(1)apply(to.)for(向)申请apply to do sth.申请去做某事apply to适用于(to为介词)apply oneself to致力于，集中精力于(2)application n.
9、请求；申请，申请表；应用applicant n.申请人即学即练单句语法填空Every one should apply what he learnt to the construction of his country.When I chose a course finally，I decided to apply for the one that reflected my interest.Eventually I won the support of my family，so I sent in all my paperwork needed for the application(app
10、ly)小片段填空A young applicant wrote a letter of application to a firm last month, hoping to get a new job.After being employed, he applied what he had learned at college to his job and always applied himself to his work.(apply)知识要点4claim v要求(拥有)；索取；认领(教材原句P51)When Europeans arrived in Central America in
11、 the early 16th century to claim its riches，the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements.当欧洲人在16世纪初来到中美洲索要其财富时，剩余的玛雅人就住在小定居点里。例A lot of lost property is never claimed.许多失物从未被认领。知识拓展(1)claim to do sth./that.声称做某事/声称claim to have done sth.声称做过某事It is claimed that.据说claim ones life夺去生命(2)
12、make a claim for.要求； 对提出赔偿要求即学即练单句语法填空/句型转换As the victim in the accident，he will make a claim for the injuries .Scientists claimed to have made (make)a major breakthrough in the fight against cancer.Sometimes car accident can claim peoples lives(life)It is claimed that he had seen aliens with his ow
13、n eyes. He claimed to have seen aliens with his own eyes知识要点5lead to 引起，导致(教材原句P51)This is likely to have led to a series of droughts，each lasting for a couple of years，including a “megadrought” around 900 AD.这很可能导致了一系列的干旱，每一次都持续几年，其中包括大约公元900年的一次“超级干旱”。例Eating too much sugar can lead to health prob
14、lems.食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。知识拓展lead sb.to do sth.使某人做某事lead sb.to/into n.带领某人去/进入，使某人得出(观点)lead a.life过的生活lead the way引路，带路名师点津除lead to外，常见的表示“引起，导致”的词汇还有cause，result in，bring about，contribute to等。即学即练单句语法填空I want to know what led you to take(take)up acting as a career.The new evidence led to the high offic
15、ial being arrested(arrest)小片段助记Toms lack of confidence led to a lot of suffering before.But the success of his father led him to believe all the roads lead to Rome.So he told himself to be confident and just do it from then on.知识要点6ruin n残垣断壁，废墟(教材原句P51)Its oncegreat cities fell into ruin，leaving va
16、rious mysteries for later people to solve.它的曾经伟大的城市都变成了废墟，留下了各种谜团让后人去解开。例The old mill is now little more than a ruin.老磨坊现在只剩下一点儿残垣断壁了。知识拓展fall into ruin衰败go to rack and ruin变得一团糟in ruins毁坏；严重受损；破败不堪即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Years of fighting has left the area in ruins.The whole city lay in ruins (ruin) after t
17、he earthquake，which made the citizens shocked and terrified.Its typical of him to let the house go to rack and ruin(变得一团糟)知识要点7abandon vt.离弃，逃离(教材原句P52)But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.但最神秘的是什么导致玛雅人离弃了他们大部分伟大的城市。例The crew abandoned the sin
18、king ship after a hard struggle.经过艰苦的斗争，船员们放弃了沉船。知识拓展(1)abandon sb./sth.遗弃某人/某事abandon oneself to sth.陷入；沉湎于(某种情感)(2) with abandon纵情；放任地(3)abandoned adj.抛弃了的；废弃的；放纵的即学即练单句语法填空He signed cheques with careless abandon.He gave most of his money to groups that help the poor, sick, disabled and abandoned(
19、abandon) children.The building has been abandoned (abandon) for a number of years, and it needs to be repaired.Even if you meet with difficulties, you dont abandon yourself to despair.小片段填空One winter morning we came upon an abandoned puppy on the street.I wondered who it was that abandoned such a cu
20、te puppy.And I adopted it.(abandon)知识要点8dismiss v拒绝考虑，否定(教材原句P52)Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.虽然他的理论已经被学者们所否定，但它显示了古代玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是多么有影响力。例I think we can safely dismiss their objection.我认为我们对他们的异议完全
21、可以不予理会。知识拓展(1)dismiss sb.for sth.因为而解雇某人dismiss sb.from把某人从解雇dismiss sb./sth.from ones mind试图忘记某人或者某事(2)dismissal n.解雇，免职即学即练单句语法填空He tried to dismiss her from his mind.The boss dismissed Bob from his job for making too many mistakes.He still hopes to win his claim against unfair dismissal(dismiss)
22、.知识要点9expansion n扩大；增加(教材原句P52) huge expansion of the.的极大的扩充例The book is an expansion of a series of lectures given last year.这本书是去年举行的系列讲座的扩充。知识拓展(1)expand v扩大；扩展expand into(使)扩展；将扩充成expand on/upon进一步阐述；详谈；补充expand to拓展到(2)expansive adj.广阔的；广泛的；全面的即学即练单句语法填空These policies will cause the creation an
23、d expansion(expand) of tourist attractions all over the country.With time going by, the society expanded into a worldwide organization.I am quite satisfied with your explanation, so there is no need to expand on/upon it.Sentence Patterns重点句式1whatever引导让步状语从句(教材原句P51)Whatever the reasons，Maya civilis
24、ation largely disappeared within the deep jungle.不管是什么原因，玛雅文明基本上消失在丛林深处。句式分析：句子中whatever the reasons 是让步状语从句， reasons后面省略了are。此句型还可以写成no matter what.。例1Whatever you want to chat about，well do it tonight.不管你想聊些什么，我们今晚聊个够。例2Wherever he goes, he takes his digital camera with him.无论他走到哪里，他都带着他的数码相机。知识拓展
25、(1)whatever，whoever，whichever，whomever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句。在引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter what/who/which/whom。(2)whenever，wherever，however引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter when/where/how，意为“无论何时/何地/如何”。(3)“no matter疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句，可放在主句前或主句后。即学即练单句语法填空/句型转换/完成句子Whichever methods parents choose to adopt, they
26、 need to teach their kids that money doesnt grow on trees! Whatever project he works on is always successful.However great the difficulty is, we will get it over.Whoever will get full marks first will be given the prize.Whatever he says, you wont listen to him.No matter what he says, you wont listen
27、 to him.Whenever the disaster happens, the soldiers will appear.No matter when the disaster happens, the soldiers will appear.无论结果怎样，我们都要微笑着接受，因为我们已经尽全力了。Whatever the result is，we should accept it with a smile，because we have tried our best.无论距离有多远，我们都感觉彼此很亲近。However far away we are，we feel close to
28、 each other.重点句式2leave宾语宾语补足语(教材原句P52)Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past，present and future.与此同时，这个文明的兴衰也必定让我们思考我们自己的过去、现在和未来。句式分析：此句中的us是leave的宾语，thinking about.是us的补足语。例1Dont leave the water running all the time.What a waste!别总是让水一直流着，真是
29、浪费！例2You had better not leave the light on when you are away.当你外出时，别让灯开着。知识拓展leave宾语名词/形容词/副词/介词短语leave宾语分词leave宾语不定式leave宾语where引导的地点状语从句/as引导的方式状语从句名师点津在leave的复合结构中，宾补为现在分词时，通常表示主动、进行的动作；宾补为过去分词时，通常表示被动、完成的动作；宾补为不定式时，通常表示动作尚未发生。即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Hearing the bad news，he hurried home，leaving his books
30、lying(lie)open on the desk.You should leave the door open (open)to let in some fresh air.He had to go home for being sick，leaving the work unfinished (finished)You should leave the manager to settle (settle)such problems.If the shoes dont fit you，please leave them where they were(请放回原处)使我失望的是她让我一个人完
31、成这项工作。What disappoints me is that she leaves me to finish the work on my own把东西放在能够再次找到的地方，这一点应该成为一条规则。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them againThe fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.分析该句是复合
32、句，其中Maya society was technologically primitive是The fact的同位语从句，解释fact的内容。主句的谓语是make宾语补语。这句话的宾语是its achievements，all the more incredible and mysterious是其补语，起补充说明作用。译文玛雅社会在技术上是原始的这个事实使得它的成就更加不可思议和神秘莫测。教材高考1.They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar，which was accurate to within 30 seconds per
33、 year.(2018全国卷).we had to write a paper on how we plan to apply what we would learn in class to our future professions.2.Its oncegreat cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve.(2019全国卷)Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of touris
34、ts ruining the atmosphere of peace？.单句语法填空1At last, he found his watch buried(bury) under a pile of papers.2The written record of the conversation doesnt correspond to/with what was actually said.3Im writing to apply(apply) for the position as a volunteer.4The number of robberies in that area is in
35、decline now.5You could have claimed (claim) the cost of the hotel room from your insurance.6The receptionist led the way to the boardroom.7After the hurricane the whole city was in ruins(ruin)8Dont leave him waiting(wait)outside in the rain.9Yesterdays match was abandoned (abandon) because of bad we
36、ather.10Whatever decision you made，I would be in favour of it.短语填空fall into ruin；make a discovery；correspond to；take back；apply.to.；deal with; at its peak; to be accurate; on the decline; bury oneself in1In science，it is important to be the first person to make a discovery2His expenses do not corres
37、pond to his income.3How can I apply theory to practice?4They let the palace fall into ruin5I apologize to you，now I will take back what I said.6The weather forecast turned out to be accurate7His reaction was to withdraw and bury himself in work.8Tourism is at its peak in August , with an average of
38、10，000 visits per day.9Thinking positively is one way of dealing with stress.10Thankfully, the smoking of cigarettes is on the decline.课文语法填空As well as experts, ordinary people are 1.intrigued (intrigue) by Maya civilisation.Why? Maya civilization has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery
39、 in the 19th century.The Maya built 2.impressive(impress) palaces and temples.3.What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels，metal tools or even animal power.The Maya had a deep understanding of mathematics and astronomy.Furthermore, they
40、 had a true writing system, 4.Which is so complicated that, so far, no one has been able to interpret it pletely (complete)By 700 AD, Maya civilisation was at its peak.With time going by, Maya civilisation began to decline.The Maya people 6.themselves(they) may have played a part in their downfall.7
41、. By changing the landscape in this way, the Maya people may have unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters.The natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya.It is believed 8. that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at diffe
42、rent rates in different places.These droughts would have caused food shortages, conflicts and, ultimately, the downfall of the cities.The Maya left various mysteries for later people 9.to solve (solve)Meanwhile, the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us 10. thinking (think) about our own past, present and future.
