1、第2讲名词考点一 名词的分类及功能1名词的分类2名词的功能(1)作主语、表语、宾语、(主语/宾语)补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.玛丽会到机场接你。The affair remained a complete mystery.这事件仍然完全是个谜。We made him monitor of our class.我们选他做我们的班长。He is considered a good teacher.他被认为是个好老师。(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。a表示类别air pollution空气污染
2、a coffee cup咖啡杯body language身体语言road accident交通事故a book store 书店b表示身份、时间、地点等Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠Moscow Stadium 莫斯科体育场c表目的、用途、材料等reception desk接待处，前台sports field田径场stone table石桌color TV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.这场战争持续了八年。(4)作同位语Tom,
3、 our monitor, left school last year.我们的班长汤姆去年退学了。即时练1写出下列句中画线名词所作的成分Mr_Smith was born in Canada._Johnson is reading a novel in his study._The new governments first challenge is the economy._Would you like to go to the flower show tomorrow？_Everyone elected him monitor._答案：主语宾语表语定语宾语补足语考点二 名词的数1名词的单、
4、复数形式(1)不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework，weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。注意word意为“消息”，roo
5、m意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带修饰词。Word comes that the meeting will be held on Friday.有消息称会议将于周五召开。(2)名词复数形式的变化规则变化种类变化例词一般情况词尾加s bookbooks, penpens以s，x，ch，sh结尾词尾加esbusbuses，benchbenches，boxboxes，dishdishes，但stomach例外，其后直接加s以“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i后加esfamilyfamilies，citycities以“元音字母y”结尾词尾加skeykeys，boyboys以f或fe结尾多数变f或
6、fe为v后加esleafleaves，wifewives, knifeknives少数词尾加schiefchiefs, roofroofs, beliefbeliefs以字母o结尾词尾加esheroheroes, potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes词尾加sphotophotos, kilokilos, pianopianos以sis结尾的外来词变sis为ses basisbases, analysisanalyses, crisiscrises不规则变化种类例词单复数同形 deer, sheep, Chinese, aircraft, means, series, sp
7、ecies, headquarters单数形式复数意义 people, police, cattle复数形式单数意义 news, physics, politics合成词变复数passerbypassersby，soninlawsonsinlaw, lookeronlookerson, gobetweengobetweens, grownupgrownups词形变化manmen，childchildren，toothteeth, footfeet, mousemice, mediummedia, bacteriumbacteria2特殊情况下名词复数的用法(1)有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式
8、，如：thanks，authorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes, congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品，著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼貌)等。(2)有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：make preparations for为做准备take pains尽力，刻苦make (both) ends meet使收支相抵take turns轮流be in high spirits兴致勃勃；兴高采烈make repairs修理即时练2语法填空Two _ (month) ago, three
9、 _ (Negro), who were all _ (hero), caught four _ (thief) because they had stolen some _ (potato) and some bamboo from 2 _ (zoo), where 500 _ (sheep), 200 _ (deer), 100 _ (ox) and 1,000 _ (goose) were raised.答案：months; Negroes; heroes; thieves; potatoes; zoos; sheep; deer; oxen; geese考点三 名词的格所有格表示所有关
10、系，修饰另一名词，作定语。它有三种形式：s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。1s所有格s所有格的构成规则：构成例子单数名词词尾通常加s；复数名词词尾没有s时，也要加sthe boys schoolbag那个男孩的书包；the childrens toys那些孩子的玩具以s结尾的复数名词后直接加“”teachers office 教师们的办公室以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“”或s均可my bosss/boss plan我老板的计划；James/Jamess eyes詹姆斯的眼睛合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加smy brotherinlaws birthday我姐夫的生日表示时间、距离、重量
11、、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助s表示所有关系a weeks holiday 一周的假；thirty minutes ride三十分钟的车程作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加san hour and a halfs walk步行一个半小时的路程不定代词后接else时，s加在else之后somebody elses bag别人的包注意(1)并列的名词变所有格，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加s；如果表示共有关系，则只在后一个名词后加s。Kate and Marys room 凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kates and Marys rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间(2)下列情况下
12、，可以将所有格后面的名词省略：名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过，往往可以省略，以免重复。This bike is not mine， nor Toms.这辆自行车不是我的，也不是汤姆的。表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop， house， home等常省去。at the doctors (office) 在(医生的)诊所里at the barbers (shop) 在理发店at Mr Greens (house) 在格林先生家)2of所有格用法例子对于无生命的事物而言，通常用of所有格表示所属关系the window of the room房间的窗户表示主谓关系用of所有格t
13、he arrival of the visitors参观者的到来表示同位关系用of所有格the city of Beijing北京市表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格part of the problem部分问题；the majority of people大多数人表示内容用of所有格the cost of living生活成本；the news of success捷报当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“the形容词”构成所有格时要借助ofthe housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题；the advice of the old man who had exp
14、erienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议3双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词of名词s”或“名词of名词性物主代词”，主要用法如下：用法例子表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，可用a，any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用theanother house of Johns 约翰的另一所房子被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时，通常带有一定的感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等That dog of Toms is really clever.汤姆的那只狗真聪明。即时练3单句语法填空The _ (g
15、irl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ (Tom) car.Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at the _ (Turner)When I see the scene, it reminds me of a picture _ my _ (father)答案：girls; TomsTurnersof; fathers考点四 抽象名词具体化及名词构词法一、抽象名词具体化1抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、
16、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件困难的事(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事(4)success成功；a success一位成功者；一件成功的事(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(6)honour荣誉；an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger,
17、 delight, preference等。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料rain雨a heavy rain一场大雨coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper纸张a paper一张报纸；一篇论文tea茶two teas两杯茶wind 风a cold wind冷风二、名词构词法(构成名词的后缀)后缀例词enceexistexistence存在anceacceptacceptance接受tionproduceproduction生产sionexpressexpression表达mentdev
18、elopdevelopment发展nessblindblindness失明agemarrymarriage婚姻thwarmwarmth温暖urepleasepleasure快乐departdeparture离开domwisewisdom智慧(详参第9讲“构词法”)即时练4(1)单句语法填空The _ (express) in her eyes told me something was wrong.Due to the _ (apply) of this medical technology, some diseases can be treated at an early stage.She
19、 was unable to attend the meeting because of the _ (press) of work._ (curious) is part of childrens nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.How can I take the medicine, sir?Just follow the _ (direct) on the bottle.答案：expressionapplicationpressureCuriositydirections(2)单句写作你想
20、喝点咖啡吗？我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。Would you like some _？I would like _ and _.(掌握)英语知识在国际贸易中是必备(技能)。_ of English is _ in international trade.她因做错事而向母亲道歉。She _ to her mother for her wrong doings.读这样的一本小说简直就是浪费时间。It is _ reading such a novel.答案：coffee; a coffee; two beersA knowledge; a mustmade an apologya waste of t
21、ime误区一名词“数”的误用(1)【误】During the past few days, many visitor just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.【正】During the past few days, many visitors just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.分析visitor是可数名词，被many修饰，故用复数形式。(2)【误】The beauty of the village cons
22、ists in its clean airs and peaceful environment.【正】The beauty of the village consists in its clean air and peaceful environment.分析air是不可数名词，没有复数形式，故airs改为air。(3)【误】It is reported that woman doctors dont like to be exposed to the medias.【正】It is reported that women doctors dont like to be exposed to
23、the media.分析woman doctor在变成复数形式时，两个词均要变成复数形式，即women doctors; media本身即为复数形式，不可再加s。注意造成以上错误的原因在于不清楚可数名词与不可数名词以及名词的复数形式的变化规则(尤其是特殊名词)；应加强对考点二的学习。误区二名词“格”的误用【误】A girl comes in. Shes got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks its Peter.【正】A girl comes in. Shes got a small, brown, leather
24、wallet in her hand. She thinks its Peters.分析it指代wallet，与Peter不能构成同一关系，根据句意可知，此处应是“彼得的钱包”，故Peter应改为所有格形式Peters。注意造成上面错误的原因在于对名词所有格不够熟悉，应加强对考点三的学习。误区三物质、抽象名词“具体化”的误用【误】She went into my room and got big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.【正】She went into my room and got a big surprise w
25、hen she saw all those books on the floor.分析surprise本来是不可数名词，此句中为抽象名词具体化的用法，意为“一件令人惊讶的事”，故在big前加a。注意造成上面错误的原因在于对于“特殊词”不足够重视，应加强对考点四的学习，并要注意平时积累。误区四名词功能或词性误用(1)【误】There is fierce competition among the three shoes shops in the street.【正】There is fierce competition among the three shoe shops in the stre
26、et.分析此处指商店的性质，用名词的单数形式作定语。(2)【误】It had a great affect on him.【正】It had a great effect on him.分析affect为动词，而effect为名词，另外“have an effect on .”为固定短语，意为“对有影响”。注意造成以上错误的原因在于不了解名词的功能或混淆了单词的词性。应加强对考点一的学习，另外平时要注意单词的词性，将基础知识记牢。1(2018江苏高考)Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ (a
27、ssume) youve made.答案：assumption2(2017全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.答案：crowds3(2017浙江高考)Last October, while
28、tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.答案：carrots4(2017全国卷)This development was only possible with the _ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.答案：introduction5(2016浙江高考)It is important to pay your _ (elec
29、tric) bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.答案：electricity1(2019全国卷)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city._答案：citycities2(2019全国卷)Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do._答案：jobjobs3(2018全国卷)When I was little, Fridays night was our family g
30、ame night._答案：FridaysFriday4(2018全国卷)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well._答案：mistakemistakes5(2017全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”_答案：wordwords6(2017全国卷)Besides, they often get some usef
31、ul informations from the Internet._答案：informationsinformation1根据语境标志词判断名词(1)看到冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词时，要想到名词；(2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词；(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。2根据规则确定名词单复数(1)如果空格处被these, several, many和数词等修饰时，要考虑用名词的复数形式；(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑作主语的名词用复数形式；(3)根据名词所作成分判断单复数，如名词作定语时，常用单数形式。3平时还应注意固定搭配的积累，另外，在确定填名词后，一定要注意拼写、复数和名词所有格。1遇到名词，首先要想到是可数名词还是不可数名词。2看到several, a few, many, one of, three, a number of等，要想到它们所修饰的名词应用复数形式。3看到information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式。4看到冠词等修饰词，要想到应用名词形式。5要特别注意名词作定语、表语、补足语时的用法。
