1、专题限时训练(三十七)科普知识型阅读理解(一)(限时：25分钟) (一)DNA left at a crime scene could be used in the future to build up a picture of an offenders face, which was revealed tonight.A first step towards genetic mugshots has been taken by researchers in the US who link specific DNA markers with face shapes. To identify t
2、he genes, they focused on known mutations(突变) that cause changes of the face and head. Normal versions of these genes were found to influence individual features. For instance, one gene affected the lips, another the shape and configuration of bones around the eyes, and a third the appearance of the
3、 midface and skull. In total, 20 genes had “significant effects” on facial appearance.Lead scientist Professor Mark Shriver, from the Pennsylvania State University, said, “We use DNA to match to an individual or identify an individual, but we can get so much more from DNA. Currently we cant go from
4、DNA to a face, or from a face to DNA, but it should be possible.” The implications are farreaching, raising the possibility of creating a data bank of facial types based on genetic markers. DNA from a crime scene could then be used to produce a rough image of the face of an offender or victim. Such
5、genetic mugshots may be more reliable than computergenerated “Efits” based on witnesses memory. Other uses of the technique might include proving the identities of fathers in paternity cases, or visualizing our remote ancestors from fossil DNA.The scientists wrote in the online journal Public Librar
6、y of Science Genetics，“Such predictive modelling could be forensically useful. For example, DNA left at crime scenes could be tested and faces could be predicted in order to help to narrow the pool of potential suspects. Further, our methods could be used to predict the facial features of descendant
7、s, deceased ancestors, and even extinct human species. In addition, these methods could prove to be useful diagnostic tools.” The team developed a model which first established a range of physical face shapes from people of mixed West African and European ancestry from the US, Brazil and Cape Verde.
8、 Measurements were taken of thousands of point coordinates on grids placed over 3D images of the faces.Statistical methods were then used to determine the relationship between facial differences and the effects of genders, ethnic ancestry and individual gene variants.1The underlined word “mugshots”
9、in the second paragraph most probably means “_”Adifferent faces BcharacteristicsCpictures of faces Dgenders2What can be inferred from the passage?ADNA has been used to build up a picture of an offenders face.BIt may be much easier to catch criminals with the help of DNA.CIn all, 20 genes had“signifi
10、cant effects”on facial appearance.DOne gene can affect more than one part of your face.3According to Professor Mark Shriver, we know_.Athey can merely match to an individual or identify an individualBthere is a possibility of going from DNA to a faceCDNA could be used to produce a rough image of an
11、offenders faceDthis technology is more reliable than computergenerated “Efits”4What is the most possible title of the passage?ACreating a data bank of DNABRecognizing the DNA of criminalsCPredicting the locations of offences using DNADBuilding up an image of an offenders face from DNA(二)The extraord
12、inary Eastgate Building in Harare, Zimbabwes capital city, is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound(白蚁堆)Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building, which has no air conditioning and al
13、most no heating. The buildingthe countrys largest commercial and shopping complexuses less than 10% of the energy of a conventional building of its size. The Eastgates owners saved 3.5 million on a 36 million building because air conditioning plant didnt have to be imported.The complex is actually t
14、wo buildings linked by bridges across a shady, glassroofed atrium(天井) open to the air. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(通风口). As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling vent
15、s and finally exists through fortyeight brick chimneys.During summers cool nights, big fans blow air through the building seven times an hour to cool the empty floors. By day, smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building to circulate the air which has been in contact with the co
16、ol floors. For winter days, there are small heaters in the vents.This is all possible only because Harare is 1,600 feet above sea level, and has cloudless skies, little dampness and rapid temperature swingsdays as warm as 31 commonly drop to 14 at night.“You couldnt do this in New York, with its fan
17、tastically hot summers and fantastically cold winters，”Pearce said.The engineering firm of Ove Arup&Partners monitors daily temperatures. It is found that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23 and 25， with the exception of the annual hot period just before the summer rains
18、in October and three days in November, when a doorkeeper accidentally switched off the fans at night. And the air is freshfar more so than in airconditioned buildings, where up to 30% of the air is recycled.5Why was Eastgate cheaper to be built than a conventional building?AIt was designed in a smal
19、ler size.BNo air conditioners were fixed in.CIts heating system was less advanced.DIt used rather different building materials.6What does the underlined word “it” refer to in Paragraph 3?AFresh air from outside. BHeat in the building.CA hollow space. DA baseboard vent.7Why would a building like East
20、gate not work efficiently in New York?ANew York has less clear skies as Harare.BIts dampness affects the circulation of air.CNew York covers a larger area than Harare.DIts temperature changes seasonally rather than daily.8The data in the last paragraph suggests Eastgates temperature control system_.
21、Aallows a wide range of temperaturesBfunctions well for most of the yearCcan recycle up to 30% of the airDworks better in hot seasons(三)Researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory(APL) in Howard County, Maryland have designed a new humanlike robot. Its name is Roho Sally.
22、The machine can be controlled from a distance and can be used to do work that is dangerous for human beings.Roho Sally has two long arms with humanlike hands. She can use her fingers to pick up small objects, examine them in detail and do most things that human hands can do. Each finger contains a t
23、iny motor, capable of squeezing 20 pounds of pinch force, enough to defuse a bomb under the direction of an operator. She sits on a metal base with wheels that let her move around, turn in tight spaces and climb over small objects.Mike McLoughlin is the main investigator for the Applied Physics Labo
24、ratorys Prosthetics Programme.“The purpose of that programme is to develop prosthetic arms that have all the capability of your natural arms, and you do all the complex motions that you can do with the natural armswith the robot.”It was a difficult job. Mr McLoughlin says the device had to have many
25、 small motors to have the ability to do what a human hand does. It also needed to have humanlike strength. The thumb was especially difficult because it permits the hand to hold objects. And everything had to fit into a space about the size of a human hand.The next problem, he says, was to figure ou
26、t how to control the artificial hand.“So we had to figure out how to make the connection between the brain and this arm.”For searchandrescue duties, Roho Sally will be operated by a human being using a wireless machine that is far from the robot. The operator will also wear special gloves and glasse
27、s. The glasses permit the operator to see the robots hands, even though they are far away.Mr McLoughlin says this kind of robots could be used in what he calls “dull, dirty or dangerous” situations where fine human finger movements are required. He says the technology is not ready for everyday appli
28、cation, but he predicts that within five years we will see some wonderful improvements.9The underlined word “defuse” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “_”Aremove BdiscoverCequip Dproduce10According to Paragraph 2, which picture is Roho Sally?A BCD.11What can we learn about the prosthetic arms
29、according to the passage?AThey are expected to function as well as natural ones.BThey have many large motors controlled by robots.CThey have humanlike strength to control the robot.DThey are connected with human brains.12Which of the following is TRUE about Robo Sally according to Mr McLoughlin?AIts
30、 operator doesnt need any equipment.BIt has been widely used in everyday life in the USA.CIt can work in situations which are dangerous for humans.DIt has made much money for the designers.专题限时训练(三十七)【科普知识型阅读理解(一)】(一)【文章大意】 本文介绍了最近的一项调查发现，未来可以通过DNA绘制人的脸，这些研究可以用于尽快地寻找嫌疑人，也可以用于识别人的父亲和祖先。1C词义猜测题。根据第一段“
31、DNA left at a crime scene could be used in the future to build up a picture of an offenders face, which was revealed tonight.”可知，第二段中提到的mugshots 是指第一段提到的“人脸的图像”，故选C项。2B推理判断题。根据第四段的“DNA left at crime scenes could be tested and faces could be predicted in order to help to narrow the pool of potential
32、suspects”可知，在DNA的帮助下抓住嫌疑犯可能更加容易，故选B项。3B细节理解题。根据第三段的“Lead scientist Professor Mark Shriver, from the Pennsylvania State University, said，We use DNACurrently we cant go from DNA to a face, or from a face to DNA, but it should be possible.”可知，Professor Mark Shriver认为从DNA到一张脸是有可能的，故选B项。4D主旨大意题。根据第一段“DNA
33、 left at a crime scene could be used in the future to build up a picture of an offenders face, which was revealed tonight.”可知，这篇文章介绍的是一个研究发现：可以通过研究DNA绘制疑犯的脸。故选D项。(二)【文章大意】 本文介绍了新型的建筑Eastgate。它比传统的建筑省钱，因为不需要装空调，它是利用天井和风扇把外面的新鲜空气吸到办公室里面，这样不仅空气新鲜而且经济。5B细节理解题。根据第二段的“The Eastgates owners saved 3.5 millio
34、n on a 36 million building because air conditioning plant didnt have to be imported.”可知，Eastgate比传统的建筑便宜，因为它不需要装空调，故选B项。6A代词指代题。根据第三段的“Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(通风口)”可知，风扇使新鲜
35、空气通过通风口进入，它上升变暖，最后通过烟囱从天花板被吸走，由此可知这里的it指“新鲜空气”，故选A项。7D细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知，只有在一定海拔高度，并且白天气温31度而夜晚气温14度的条件才能实现，而纽约的天气是夏天极热而冬天极冷，即随季节变化而不是随天变化，故选D项。8B推理判断题。根据最后一段的“It is found that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23 and 25， with the exception of the annual hot period just be
36、fore the summer rains in October and three days in November，when a doorkeeper accidentally switched off the fans at night.”可知，建筑物内的温度保持在23到25度，除10月与11月的三天雨季之外。所以这个系统一年的大部分时间都能用，故选B项。(三)【文章大意】 本文介绍了一种新型的类人机器人，介绍了“她”的外观、功能和设计的过程，特别指出了这种机器人有像人一样的手指，可以做很多人可以做的事情，而且，在一些危险的情况下，“她”也可以发挥作用。9A词义猜测题。根据第二段的“Ea
37、ch finger contains a tiny motor, capable of squeezing 20 pounds of pinch force, enough to defuse a bomb under the direction of an operator.”可知，机器人的每个手指上都有个小马达，能产生20磅的握力，足以在操作员的指导下拆掉炸弹，故A项正确。10B细节理解题。根据第二段的“Roho Sally has two long arms with humanlike hands.”和“She sits on a metal base with wheels that
38、 let her move around, turn in tight spaces and climb over small objects.”可知，这个机器人是类人机器人，有像人一样的长手臂和手，故B项正确。11A细节理解题。根据第三段的“The purpose of that programme is to develop prosthetic arms that have all the capability of your natural arms, and you do all the complex motions that you can do with the natural armswith the robot.”可知，这个项目的目的是开发具有人手所有功能的假肢，使之能像人手那样做复杂的动作。故A项正确。12C推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Mr McLoughlin says this kind of robots could be used in what he calls dull, dirty or dangerous situations where fine human finger movements are required.”可知，Mr McLoughlin认为这种类人机器人可以用在危险的情况下，故C项正确。 版权所有：高考资源网()
