1、定语从句()编稿：陈玉莲 审稿： 概念引入The lab where the chemist often does experiments is not far from here化学家做实验的那个实验室离这儿不远Ive always longed for the days when I should be able to be independent我非常渴望我能够独立的那天There are moments when I forget all about it.那个时候我忘记了所有的一切He wanted to know the reason why I was late.他想要知道我迟到
2、的理由语法点拨【高清课堂：定语从句二 P3】 where引导的定语从句 1. 当先行词在定语从句中的成分是地点状语的时候，连接词就是where。而且先行词通常是place, house, city, country等等。 先行词为名词，但是加上介词后可以在从句中充当地点状语。We will start at the point where we stopped. 我们从上次停止的地方开始吧。分析从句的成分：主语为we, 谓语为stopped，并且此处stop为不及物动词，从句不需要宾语。先行词加上介词at在从句中做地点状语。注意此处的at并不是主句中的at，而是根据从句的逻辑意义增加的介词at
3、，相当于at which we stopped.The building where he lives is very old. 他住的这栋建筑很老旧。把从句的含义补全应该为：he lives in the building，先行词building加上介词in在从句中做状语，关系词用where或in which。Put it at the place where you have found it. 把它放在你发现它的地方。分析从句的句子成分，主谓宾齐全，结构完整，先行词在从句中充当地点状语。The city where we spent our holidays is very beauti
4、ful. 我们度假的那座城市很漂亮。分析先行词和从句的关系，“我们在这个城市度假”，where相当于in the city，作从句的地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的从城市。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised. 我参观了那个养了很多奶牛的农场。This kind of plant grows best at the places where it is warm and wet这种植物在温暖潮湿的地方长得最好。What do you think of teach
5、er, Bob？ Bob，你认为老师这种职业怎么样？I find it fun and challenging. It is a job where you are doing something serious but interesting. 我发现它有趣而有挑战性。这是一份你做着严肃而有趣的事情的工作。Its helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently. 把孩子们放在一个他们能以不同方式看待自己的地方是很有帮助的。When引导的定语从句 当先行词在定语从句中的成分是时间状
6、语的时候，连接词就是when，而且先行词通常是time, day, night, moment等等表示时间的名词。He was born in the year when the earthquake took place. 他出生在地震发生的那一年。分析从句句子成分：主语the earthquake，谓语took place，无需宾语，先行词the year在从句中只能加上介词in充当从句的时间状语，所以用表示时间状语的when/ in which。注意：the year前的介词in为主句中的介词，跟从句无关，从句中的in是分析先行词和从句的逻辑关系而得出的。She looked fine
7、at the time when I saw her. 我看到她的时候她看起来不错。 先行词time加上介词在从句中做时间状语。July is the month when the weather is usually the hottest. 七月通常是天气最热的一个月。Tell me the time when he was killed. 告诉我他被杀的时间。Please let me know of the day when you will arrive in Beijing. 请告知我们你将到北京的时间。The time when we got together finally a
8、rrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于来到了。 Shell never forget her stay there when she found her son who had gone missing two years before. 她永远都不会忘记那次停留，那时他找到了两年前失踪的儿子。 Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, when the audience can buy ice-cream.音乐会两部分之间有中场休息，观众在那时可以买点冰淇淋。Why引导的定语从句 当先行词在定语从句中的成分是原因状语的时候,连接词就
9、是why，而且先行词通常是reason。That is one of the reasons why I hate you. 这是我讨厌你的原因之一。 先行词the reasons加上介词for在从句中做原因状语，介词for是从句的逻辑关系补充的。从句补全为：I hate you (for) the reasons.The reason why he changed his mind is not clear. 他改变主意的原因还不清楚。同理，the reason在从句中做原因状语。 Do you see any reason why he refused to help? 你明白他拒绝帮忙的
10、理由吗？I want to know the reason why he left so early. 我想知道他这么早离开的原因。 The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.我首次遇到曼德拉的时候是我一生中很艰难的时候 但要注意，连接词的选择不能只看先行词的内容，最关键的就是看先行词在从句中的成分。 有同学一看到先行词是表示地点的名词，选择where；看到先行词为表示时间的名词，选择when；看到先行词为reason，选择why；这种做法是不对的，关键是看先行词在从句中做哪种
11、成分。 比较下面句子： March 22 is the day when I was born. 3月22号是我出生的那一天。（先行词the day在从句中作时间状语：I was born on the day.） March 22 is the day (which/that) I will never forget. 3月22号是我永远不会忘的一天。 （先行词the day在从句中作forget的宾语：I will never forget the day.） Would you please tell me the reason why you are late again for wo
12、rk? 你能告诉我你又一次迟到的原因吗？ Would you please tell me the reason which/that at least sounds true this time? 你能告诉我这次听起来更真实点的原因吗？ I saw them in the park where a lot of people were singing. 我在那家有很多人唱歌的公园里看到他们。 I saw them in the park which/that was built 10 years ago. 我在那家十年前建好的公园里看到他们的。 The Science Museum, whi
13、ch we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. 我们上次去英国参观的科学博物馆是伦敦的旅游景点之一。（先行词the Science Museum 在从句中作主语。）The reason that you gave me just now was just an excuse. 你刚才给我的理由只是一个借口。（先行词the reason在从句中宾语。）定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的选择 1. 明确关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的不同作用：关系代词which, that, w
14、ho在定语从句中作主语或在及物动词和介词后作宾语。关系副词when, where, why在定语从句中作状语。 The old town has narrow streets and small houses which are built close to each other. (从句部分缺主语，填入关系代词) Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, where it will keep for two or three weeks.（从句部分的谓语keep为“保存好”的意思，不带宾语，填入关系副词） A bank i
15、s the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. （从句部分的谓语lend和ask for为及物动词，但各自已经带了宾语，填入关系副词） 2.分析句子结构，明确语法成分。关系词在定语从句中作宾语还是作状语，关键在于从句的谓语动词是否及物动词。如果是及物动词，分析其后是否已经有宾语；如缺宾语则选择关系代词；如不缺宾语或谓语动词为不及物动词，则选择关系副词。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1. 介词+关系代词 Mandela was the
16、black lawyer to whom I went for advice. = Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. 曼德拉就是我向他寻求建议的黑人律师。2.“名（代）词+介词+关系代词”结构一般在从句中作主语。常用于这个结构的代词有one, both, all, some, most, several, few, a few, little, a little, many, much, none, half等。 Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of
17、 which she spoke fluently. 茱莉擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三样她都说得流利。 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it somewhat differently. 英语是一门被很多不同文化分享的语言，其中的每一种都在某种程度上不同地使用它。 She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which had taken more than three years. 她领着参观者
18、游览博物馆，它的建造超过三年。 The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city. 这个定居点安置了将近一千人，他们中的许多人离开山村的家，到城市寻求更好的生活。 The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds.这个男人掏出来一块金表，它的指针是有小钻石组成的。3. 数词/形容词的最高级+of+关系代词 T
19、he company has more than 100 employees, 60 percent of whom are women. 这家公司有超过一百名雇员，其中百分之六十是女性。 She traveled abroad and bought a lot of gifts, the most expensive of which was a diamond. 她在国外旅游，买了很多礼物，其中最昂贵的一件就是钻石。 China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千座岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。4.“介
20、词+关系代词+名词”在从句中作状语。 He was born in 1948, by which time the Second World War had been over. 他出生于1948年，到那时第二次世界大战已经结束。 I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized. 我叫错了他的名字，因为这个错误我道歉了。5. “介词短语+关系代词”在从句中一般作状语，可以与“介词+ whose+名词”结构互换。 用于此结构的关系代词有which, whom, whose。常用于该结构的介词短语有：as a resul
21、t of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of等。 We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden. 我们来到一所后面有一个大花园的房子。Is there a certain test by means of which the No. 1 will be decided?有没有一种考试，通过它能决定第一名。I went to visit my Chinese teacher y
22、esterday, with the help of whom (with whose help) I got in touch with my classmates. 昨天我去拜访我的语文老师了，在他的帮助下我联系上了我的同学们。介词的选择 介词的选择主要从以下几方面考虑： 1. 从先行词跟介词的搭配出发 Ill never forget the day on which we worked together in the countryside. 我不会忘记我们一起在乡下工作的日子。 (把the day代入从句后，加on 才构成完整的句子，即we worked together on th
23、e day in the countryside) The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which we could see what was happening inside the house. 这个聪明的孩子在墙上挖了一个洞，透过它我们可以看到屋里发生的事情。(through which即through the hole)2. 从定语从句中动词、形容词等对介词的搭配要求出发 Do you know the girl _ whom the man talked just now? 你认识那个男人刚谈到的女孩吗？(talk后用to,
24、 with还是about，则根据先行词、定语从句中的动词talk考虑，此处用with或to比较好）3. 含有介词的动词短语不能拆开，则不能转化成“介词+关系代词”结构，介词仍然放在动词的后面。常见的这类动词有listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of, look into, break into, get rid of, take part in, make use of, take/catch hold of, catch up with, get along with, look forward to The
25、babies whom the nurses are taking care of are very healthy. 护士照顾的那些婴儿们都很健康。4. 也有些介词不是和谓语动词构成短语关系，而是根据句子的逻辑需要填入的。 For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our future, of which New York is an example. 对世界上的许多城市来说，没有足够的空间拓展未来，纽约就是其中的一个例子。 Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, w
26、ithout which there wont be much work. 这儿的村民们依赖捕鱼行业，没有这个行业他们就没有什么活干。关于定语从句的注意点：1. “介词+关系代词”后接不定式短语作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。He has a knife with which to defend himself. = He has a knife with which he can defend himself.他有一把刀子，用来自卫。2. 当先行词在从句中表示时间、地点、原因时，“介词+which”一般在定语从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语，这时可以分别用when, where, why代替
27、。（when相当于“at/in/during/on等+which”；where相当于“in/at/on等+which”；why相当于“for which”）。但若“介词+which”不是作时间、地点、原因状语时，则不能用when, where, why代替。 Last week, I visited London, in which/where I have made several friends. 上周我们去了伦敦，在那儿我们交了一些朋友。 Last year she bought this house, for which she paid her lifes savings. 去年她买
28、了这所房子，为此她付出了一生的积蓄。3. 有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用where/介词+which引导定语从句。常见的有：situation/ case/ point/ circumstances/ stage/ family等。 I have come to the point where I cant stand him. 我已经到了不能忍受他的程度了。 Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他把自己置于一个危险的境地，很
29、容易失去对飞机的控制。4. 先行词way引导的定语从句当先行词是way，意为“方法，方式”时，引导定语从句的关系词有in which, that和不用任何关系词这三种形式。 I dont understand the way in which/that/（省略）they worked out the problem. 我没法理解他们解决这个问题的方法。试比较以下两个句子关系词的不同： The way that/which he explained to us was not difficult to understand. 他们给我们解释的这种方法不难理解。( 关系代词that/which在从
30、句中作宾语） The way that/in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他们给我们解释这个句子的方法不难理解。(关系词在从句中作状语，相当于in this/that way）特殊定语从句：1. 有些定语从句和先行词之间插入一个词组、短语或别的成分，这称为“分裂式定语从句”。 I have an aunt in London, who I have never seen. 我有一个姑姑在伦敦，我没有见过。 Occasions are quite rare when I have t
31、he time to spend a day with the kids. 我有时间陪孩子们的情况很少。2. 带有插入语的定语从句。 This is my uncle, Mr. Wang, who, I guess, will help you finish the job in three hours. 这是我的叔叔王先生，我认为他会帮你在三个小时内做完这个工作。 He often helps the students who he thinks are not quick at their studies. 他经常帮助他认为在学习上反应不太快的学生。 Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, which, of course, make all the others upset. 玛丽对杰克比对其他人善良得多，这当然使其他人不快。
