1、第二部分语法必备专题一动词一、动词的时态和语态动词的时态、语态是高考的重点考点,有的试题单独考查的是某种时态的用法,如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时等,而有的试题会把时态和语态、时态和主谓一致融合起来进行考查,也有的试题综合性很强,会把时态、语态和主谓一致三个考点融合在一个小题中进行考查。动词时态的一般体单句填空1.(2019课标全国卷)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.1.答案
2、declared考查动词的时态。陈述过去发生的事情需用一般过去时,故填declared。2.(2018课标全国卷)While running regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.2.答案is考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致,故用一般现在时;宾语从句中的主语为it,故用is。3.(2018课标全国卷)The Chinese Ministry o
3、f Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government (start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.3.答案started句意:中国农业部发现在2005年和2011年之间,化肥的使用减少了770万吨。2005年政府启动了土壤检测项目,它向农民推荐特定的化肥。本题考查时态。关系副词when=in 2005,
4、由此可知此处使用一般过去时。4.(2018课标全国卷)True to gorillas unaggressive nature, the huge animal(mean) me no real harm. He was just saying:“Im king of this forest, and here is your reminder!”4.答案meant句意:大猩猩确实有不好斗的本性,那只巨大的动物并不是真的要伤害我。本题考查时态。根据下文可知,本空用一般过去时,故填meant。单句改错5.(2019课标全国卷)And the other is that I wanted to h
5、elp people in need. 5.答案iswas考查动词的时态。根据语境,时态应为一般过去时,故将is改为was。6.(2018课标全国卷)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. 6.答案findfound根据第一句中的时间状语During my last winter holiday可知,此处叙述的是去年寒假时的事情,故第二句中的谓语动词应用一般过去时。7.(2018课标全国
6、卷)I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. 7.答案arewere根据主句的谓语动词didnt realize和until引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词entered可知,此处叙述的是过去的事情,应用一般过去时。时态用法例句一般现在时表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every d
7、ay/night等连用。On Monday mornings, it usually takes me an hour to drive to work though the actual distance is only 20 miles.周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时,尽管实际距离只有20英里。如果主句用一般将来时,那么在时间、条件或让步状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.这位总统希望人们在他离任时比他刚上任
8、时更富有。表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,与现在没有关系,常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。(2019江苏卷) A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.史密斯先生到中国几个月后,就喜欢上了那里的
9、人和文化。一般将来时有些句子,虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语,但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态,也要用一般过去时。常见的有:know, think, expect, want等。Edward, you play so well. But I didnt know you played the piano.爱德华,你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。“shall/will+动词原形”表示从现在看以后将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in+一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称,will可用于各种人称。“will+动词原形”
10、还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.学生们一直在刻苦学习功课,他们的努力(将来)最终会获得成功。“be going to+动词原形”表示按计划打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.史密斯博士将在今年夏
11、天和他的妻女一起游览北京。“be to+动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作;也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。You are to hand in your papers by 10oclock.10点前你必须得上交试卷。The meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.会议将于今天下午3点举行。“be about to+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事,该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。The train is about to start.火车就要开了。按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般
12、将来时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come等动词。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.这家商店每天晚上11点关门。表示位置转移的动词,如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等,可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out. We must act i
13、mmediately before theres none left.洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前马上行动。动词时态的进行体单句填空1.(2018北京卷)Susan had quit her well-paid job and (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 1.答案was working句意:我去年看望苏珊的时候,她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作,正在社区当志愿者。根据句意可知,此处强调过去的时间点正在进行的动作,因此用过去进行时。2.Hi, lets go skat
14、ing.Sorry, Im busy right now. I (fill) in an application form for a new job.2.答案am filling句意:嗨,我们去滑冰吧。抱歉,我现在正忙着呢。我正在填一份新工作的申请表。此句表示说话时正在发生的动作,故用现在进行时。时态用法例句现在进行时表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.我们
15、今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界,并且我们都在想我们要做什么。表示位置转移的动词,如:go, get, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等,可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。I am meeting Peter at the airport this afternoon. 今天下午我去飞机场接彼得。过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yest
16、erday, at ten oclock yesterday等连用。He was writing a book last year, but I dont know if he has finished it. 他去年在写一本书,但我不知道他是否已经完成。表示一个过去的动作正在进行时,另一个过去的动作发生了,常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.杰克正在实验室里工作,这时突然断电了。将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用,如
17、:at this time tomorrow,by then, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow等。Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会,因为她那个时间段有课。动词时态的完成体单句填空1.(2019课标全国卷)I dont see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and a
18、ll the friends I (make) over the years.1.答案have made考查动词的时态。根据定语从句中的时间状语over the years可知从句时态应为现在完成时,故填have made。2.(2018课标全国卷)Diets have changed in Chinaand so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.2.答案has grown由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始,一直持续到现在,故用现在完成时。且主语
19、the country 是第三人称单数名词,故填has grown。单句改错3.(2017课标全国卷)I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years. 3.答案hadhave根据时间状语“in the past few years”可知,本句应该使用现在完成时。时态用法例句现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束,而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语:already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last
20、(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。(2019江苏卷)The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.在过去的三个月里,这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。表示从过去某时开始一直延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常与since+时间点,for+时间段等表示一段时间的状语连用。His first novel has received good reviews since it
21、 came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。在条件和时间状语从句中,用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。Ill give my opinion when I have read the book through. 我读完了这本书就会告诉你我的意见。过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I had
22、nt seen for years.当沿着街道散步的时候,我遇见了多年未见的戴维。表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态,常用的时间状语:before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time+从句等。It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我做的一切。过去完成时表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think, mea
23、n, suppose, plan, intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。(2019天津卷)I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldnt manage it.我本希望送给彼得一个礼物祝贺他结婚了,但我没能做到。常使用完成时的句型(1)This/It/That is the first/. time+that sb. has/have doneThis/It/That was the first/. time+that sb. had done
24、这是某人第几次做某事(2)It(This)is/was the+最高级+名词+(that)定语从句,从句中的谓语用完成时(3)It is/has been+一段时间+since sb. did sth.It was/had been+一段时间+since sb. had done sth.自从以来多久了(4)hardly(scarcely). when./no sooner. than.一就,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时语态单句填空1.(2019课标全国卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we (invite) to attend a pri
25、vate concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.1.答案were invited考查时态和语态。此处应为发生在过去的事情,用一般过去时。we和invite之间是被动关系,应用被动语态。2.(2017课标全国卷)Steam engines (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passen
26、gers, with all the smoke and noise.2.答案were used由语境和must have been可知此处讲的是过去的事情,主语Steam engines和use之间是被动关系,所以用一般过去时的被动语态。3.(2017课标全国卷)Sarah (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.3.答案has been told/was told考查时态和语态。句意:Sarah被告知她可以成为英国的一名超模新星,第二年就可以有一
27、百万美元的收入。根据语境可知Sarah与tell之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。此处既可以用一般过去时态表示过去发生的动作,也可以用现在完成时态,表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响。单句改错4.(2017课标全国卷)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club. 4.答案tooktaken考查动词的语态。take的过去式和过去分词分别为took和taken,此处为被动语态,应用过去分词
28、taken。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成,be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。“get+过去分词”也可以表示被动语态,此结构比较口语化。基本用法被动语态的使用场合:(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者;(2)需要突出或强调动作的承受者。(2019江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.他们正在努力确保到2022年时为北京冬奥会安装5G信号终端。主动形式表示被动意义“系动词feel, so
29、und, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等+形容词/名词”构成系表结构,常用主动形式表示被动意义。This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软,卖得很好。主动形式表示被动意义当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后有状语(well/easily等)修饰,用来表示主语的属性、特征或功能时,用主动形式表示被动含义。Have you boug
30、ht the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.你买了最近销售得很好的那本书了吗?我认为它非常适合我们青少年。特别提醒有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态:have有;cost花费;lack缺少;own拥有;belong to属于;date from/back to追溯到;take part in参加等。不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态:happen/take place/occur发生;remain剩下;last持续;break out爆发;come out出版;come up被
31、提出;lose heart失去信心;run out用完等。谓语动词三步解题法一定语态根据语境和动词的用法确定使用主动语态还是被动语态特别注意:“情态动词+动词原形”的形式主动形式表被动意义的动词或动词短语二定时态根据时间状语或上下文时态的运用确定具体时态特别注意:时态的替代一般现在时代替一般将来时现在进行时代替一般将来时固定句型中的时态运用三看主谓一致根据主语确定谓语动词的适当形式.单句填空1.(2019陕西咸阳一模)A representative who (see) his performance before thought he could replace another star w
32、ho intended to leave. 1.答案had seen句意:以前曾看过他演出的某位代表认为他可以代替另一位打算离开的明星。设空处在定语从句中作谓语,根据主句谓语动词thought以及从句中的时间状语before可知从句谓语发生在“过去的过去”,故从句用过去完成时态。2.(2019黑龙江哈尔滨三中一模)Additionally, the kinds of facial make-up(脸谱) (be) the most particular art in Peking Opera. 2.答案are句意:此外,在京剧中脸谱的种类是最为特别的艺术。分析句子结构可知,主语为the kin
33、ds of facial make-up,因为在陈述事实,故句子用一般现在时态。3.(2019陕西汉中一模)That was the first time that I(notice) the fresh taste of the meat and vegetables of Chinese food. 3.答案had noticed句意:那是我第一次注意到中餐中肉和蔬菜的新鲜味道。在That is/was the first time that.句型中,当前面为is时,that从句用现在完成时态;当前面为was时,that从句用过去完成时态。根据句中的was可知that从句用过去完成时态。4
34、.(2019辽宁大连双基测试)Since the very beginning, the technological base needed for 5G (consider). 4.答案has been considered句意:从一开始,5G需要的技术基础就被考虑了。分析句子结构可知,设空处为谓语,根据时间状语Since the very beginning,可知用现在完成时态,主语与谓语之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。5.(2019北京海淀第一学期期中)Mona is never happy. Look, she (complain)about her lunch. I think she
35、d better change her way of thinking.5.答案is complaining句意:莫娜从来不快乐。看,她正在抱怨她的午饭。我觉得她最好改变一下她的思考方式。本题考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据提示词Look可知,她抱怨的动作正在发生,应使用现在进行时;又因主语为she,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式,故填is complaining。6.(2019江苏苏州学业质量阳光指标调研)We are looking for somebody who is fluent in Spanish. No problem. I (study)Spanish for four year
36、s at college. 6.答案studied句意:我们正在寻找一个说西班牙语流利的人。没问题。我曾经在大学学过四年西班牙语。本题考查动词的时态。根据语境可知,学西班牙语发生在过去,应用一般过去时。7.(2019江苏南通一模)Kevin, time for the next destination! No hurry! Another 15 minutes and we(explore) all the exhibition rooms of the museum. 7.答案will have explored句意:Kevin,该去下一个目的地了!不急!再过15分钟,我们就能把博物馆所有的
37、展览室都探查完了。本题考查动词的时态。根据语境可知,15分钟之后,他们将探查完所有展览室,应用将来完成时。8.(2019北京通州第一学期期末)If we (keep) on doing this practice, gradually well learn how to express ourselves in English. 8.答案keep句意:如果我们一直做这样的练习,我们渐渐就会学会如何用英语表达自己。本题考查动词的时态和主谓一致。if引导条件状语从句,根据“主将从现”的原则可知,从句用一般现在时表示将来,且从句主语是we,故填keep。9.(2019北京海淀第一学期期中)Will
38、you be home before 7:00 pm tomorrow? Probably not, I(pick) up Johnny at the airport then. 9.答案will be picking句意:明晚7点前你会在家吗?可能不在,我那时正在机场接约翰尼。本题考查动词的时态。答语中的时间状语then指的是明晚7点,描述将来某刻正在发生的动作需使用将来进行时。10.(2019北京海淀第一学期期中)Allan, I (ask)you to come down several times. Why are you still here? Sorry, Mom. But Im
39、busy with my project.10.答案have asked句意:艾伦,我喊了好几次让你下来。你为什么还在这儿?抱歉,妈妈。我正忙我的课题呢。本题考查动词的时态。根据题干可知语境为现在,虽然ask这个动作是过去发生的,但是此处强调对现在的影响,故使用现在完成时。.单句改错1.(2019内蒙古呼和浩特一模)Aimed at encouraging us to learn traditional culture and attach great importance to handwriting, the Calligraphy Contest of our school enjoyi
40、ng a huge success. 1.答案enjoyingenjoyed分析句子结构可知,主语为the Calligraphy Contest of our school,缺少谓语动词,根据语境可知本句叙述过去的事情,故将enjoying改为enjoyed。2.(2019内蒙古包头二模)My brother and I went to the library every Saturday either to do our homework or pick out whatever we want to read. 2.答案wentgo根据时间状语every Saturday可知,谓语动词应
41、该用一般现在时态,由主语My brother and I可知,谓语动词改为原形。3.(2019内蒙古呼和浩特二模)To my joy, my effort was finally paid off. 3.答案去掉was句意:让我感到高兴的是,我的努力最终得到了回报。pay off为不及物动词短语,故不用被动语态。4.(2019黑龙江哈尔滨三中一模)Recently, a hot mobile game has criticized by the media. 4.答案has后加been句意:近来,一款热门手机游戏受到媒体的批评。“热门手机游戏”与“批评”之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。5.(20
42、19黑龙江哈尔滨六中二模)As is shown in the chart, 51.83% of people surveyed were voted yes while 36.52% of those voted no. 5.答案去掉were句意:正如图表所显示的那样,被调查的人中有51.83%投票为“是”,而36.52%投票为“否”。vote投票,51.83% of people与vote之间为主动关系,故去掉were。6.(2019福建福州十三中期中考试)Today Ive got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job a
43、t a company in England for my good performance. 6.答案hadhave根据句意可知,此处指过去的动作对现在造成的结果,应用现在完成时。7.(2019河北邯郸一模)It has been a long time since we meet in China last time. 7.答案meetmetIt has been+一段时间+since.句式中,从句谓语动词用一般过去时。8.(2019天津河东一模)What do you do, Susan? I am a clerk in a foreign company now. But I have
44、 taught English in a high school for 8 years. 8.答案去掉have句意:你做什么工作,苏珊?我现在是一家外企职员,但我(之前)在一所高中教过八年英语。考查动词时态。根据句意可知,“我”现在在外企工作,之前做教学工作,故用一般过去时。9.(2019天津二模)By the time we graduated from our school, well have been close friends for more than ten years. 9.答案graduatedgraduate句意:到我们毕业的时候,我们就是十多年的密友了。考查动词时态。b
45、y the time 引导时间状语从句,遵循“主将从现”的原则。故用一般现在时。.语法填空阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Every year from the 15th to 17th day of the third Chinese lunar month, some Miao villages in Guizhou Province celebrate the Sisters Meals Festival, 1(consider) as the oldest Valentines Day in Asia.Heres a romantic story. Ji
46、ndan and Ajiao are cousins and childhood sweethearts. They swear to marry each other, but 2(oppose)strongly by their parents and villagers. So they date 3(secret)and every time they meet, Ajiao brings Jindan sticky rice. They finally get married and give rise 4the “sisters meal”a meal for sweetheart
47、s.To prepare the “meal”, Miao girls hike to the mountains and pick special wild flowers and leaves, 5 produce natural colors to dye the sticky rice. When the festival begins, all the girls, dressing up in their best traditional 6(cloth), set about finding boyfriends for themselves through singing th
48、e folk songs, and most importantly, 7(send)the suitors(求婚者)the “sisters rice”wrapped with handkerchiefs.When 8 unmarried young man receives the rice from a girl, he gets very nervous, as a pair of red chopsticks on the rice 9(mean)“I love you”, while a single chopstick implies “I dont like you”. 10
49、therere onions or garlic, that indicates a flat refusal.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.答案语篇解读本文介绍了苗族青年男女自己的情人节姐妹饭。1.considered考查非谓语动词。设空处是非谓语动词作定语,与其所修饰的名词the Sisters Meals Festival之间是被动关系,所以要用过去分词形式。相当于:which is considered。2.are opposed考查动词的时态和语态。句意:但是却遭到了他们的父母以及村民的坚决反对。句子的主语是They,连词but连接两个并列的谓语动词。设空处动词与主语之间
50、是被动关系,时态为一般现在时,故填are opposed。3.secretly考查副词。句意:于是他俩就秘密约会。设空处单词修饰动词date,所以要用其副词形式。4.to考查介词。他们最终结婚了,并产生了“姐妹饭”。give rise to使发生(或存在)。5.which考查定语从句。她们采集特殊的野花和树叶,这些会给那些糯米染上自然的色彩。设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词wild flowers and leaves。关系词在从句中充当主语,所以要用关系代词which引导。6.clothes考查名词。traditional clothes传统服装。7.sending考查非谓语动词。
51、最重要的是,通过向求婚者送包在手帕里的糯米来找男朋友。设空处单词也是作介词through的宾语,所以要用v.-ing形式。8.an考查冠词。根据语境此处考查不定冠词表示泛指,泛指任何一个未婚男子,unmarried以元音音素开头,故用an。9.means考查主谓一致。未婚男子收到糯米时会很紧张,因为米上放着一双筷子就意味着“我爱你”。设空处作谓语,chopsticks前有单位词a pair of,谓语动词要用单数形式,故填means。10.If/When考查状语从句。句意:如果/当上面是洋葱或者大蒜的话,那就是断然拒绝。根据语境此处考查条件状语从句(If),也可以理解为时间状语从句(When)
52、。.短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线(划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。It was my sisters 6th birthday. Moreover, the whole family went to a cafe for the birthday treat. She
53、walked in, rocked her birthday crown with her name on it, that she made at school. A group of teenagers saw her and begin singing “Happy Birthday”. Her face just was lit up with excitement. Then other tables joined. Soon almost everyone there was singing “Happy Birthday” to my girl. She screamed joy
54、ful and gave high fives. It was an amazing experience for her and I was blew away by the teenagers who saw a little girl and decided to make my day!答案1.第二句:MoreoverTherefore/Thus句意:因此,全家去了一家快餐店吃生日大餐。therefore/thus因此。2.第二句:第二个thea此处表达:吃一顿生日大餐,是不定冠词表示泛指的意思,没有特指含义。3.第三句:rockedrocking她走了进来,手里摇晃着上面写着她名字的
55、生日皇冠。逗号后是非谓语动词作状语,表示伴随动作。与其逻辑主语She之间是主动关系,所以要用v.-ing形式。4.第三句:thatwhich此处是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词crown。关系代词that不能引导这类定语从句,要用which引导。5.第四句:beginbegan本句中并列连词and连接两个并列的谓语动词:saw和began,都用一般过去时。6.第五句:去掉was句意:她的脸因兴奋露出了喜色。light up表示“脸上呈现出高兴的情绪”,不能用于被动语态,所以去掉was。7.第六句:joined后加in句意:然后其他桌子上的客人也都参与了进来。join in表示和别人一起做某事,参
56、与进来。8.第八句:joyfuljoyfully修饰谓语动词screamed要用副词形式。9.第九句:blewblown被动语态要用动词的过去分词:blown。10.第九句:myher根据上面描述可知,我们是给我妹妹过生日,所以要用her。二、非谓语动词非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词,是重要的语法项目之一,也是每年高考的必考点。在语法填空题中,针对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在非谓语动词作主语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等,而短文改错针对非谓语动词的考查主要以非谓语动词作宾语、定语、状语等为重点。非谓语动词的基本结构与句法功能非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto
57、be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to have doneto havebeen done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeing done其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生现在分词/动名词完成式having donehaving beendone其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成非谓语动词作状语单句填空1.(2018课标全国卷)You dont have to
58、run fast or for long (see) the benefit.1.答案to see句意:你不必为了弄清跑步带来的好处而跑得很快、很久。本题考查非谓语动词。由句意可知,此处在句中作目的状语,主语You与see为主动关系,故填不定式的主动形式to see。单句改错2.(2019课标全国卷)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football. 2.答案say改为saying考查非谓语动词。句中的say与其逻辑主语是逻辑上的主动关系,且其表示的动作
59、与谓语动作同时发生,应用现在分词作状语,表示伴随。3.(2018课标全国卷)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud. 3.答案waitwaiting分析句子结构可知,was为谓语动词,主语Everyone与wait之间为逻辑上的主动关系,故应用现在分词作状语,表示伴随。类别用法例句动词不定式作目的状语,可用so as to/in order to替换,但 so as to一般不可置于句首,意为“为了;想要”。(2019江苏卷)To enjoy the
60、 convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones. 为了享受数字支付的便利,很多老年人开始使用智能手机。作结果状语,常用于下列结构中:only to do(表示意想不到的结果);enough to do(足够做);too.to do.(太而不能);so/such.as to.(如此以至于)等。Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场,结果发现他要乘坐的飞机
61、已飞入高空。作原因状语,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed等。This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.这台机器很容易操作。只需几分钟,任何人
62、都能学会使用它。分词分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调,还可与while, when, once, if, unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。(2019江苏卷)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting mans intelligence and creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大
63、脑的产物,这反映出了人类的智慧与创造性。(2018北京卷)Ordinary soap, used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.如果正确使用的话,普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。独立主格名词/代词+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(主动表被动)Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。with/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语(现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词
64、/介词短语)With so much work to do, I cannot spare a minute. 有这么多工作要做,我一分钟也挤不出来。I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.由于噪音不断,我没法做作业。独立成分有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常考的有:generally speaking(to be general)一般来说;honestly/roughly/strictly speaking老实说/大体说/严格说;frankly speaking/to be frank
65、坦白说;judging from/by根据来判断;taking.into consideration/account考虑到;considering/seeing/given.考虑到;to tell the truth/to be honest说实话;compared with/by与相比;to make things worse更糟糕的是。非谓语动词作定语单句填空1.(2019课标全国卷)When we got a call (say)she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.1.答案saying考查非谓语动词。此处用现在分词作后置定语,故填s
66、aying。2.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter (permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.2.答案permitted考查非谓语动词。此处应用过去分词作后置定语。3.The airport (complete) next year will help prom
67、ote tourism in this area.3.答案to be completed空格处在句中作名词airport的后置定语,且二者是逻辑上的被动关系,动作是将来的,故应用不定式的被动形式。类别用法例句不定式不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后,表示将来的动作。I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch.我在会议期间一直看表,因为我要赶火车。不定式序数词、形容词最高级、the last、the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后,常用不定式作定语。注意:该名词或代词是作定语的非
68、谓语动词的执行者。He was the first guest to arrive.他是第一个到的客人。被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见名词:ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。特别提醒不定式作定语,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所
69、修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式。I have a letter to post, so I cant go swimming with you.我有一封信(需要我)要寄出,因此我不能和你一起去游泳了。I have a letter to be posted. Can you help me?我有一封信想让别人替我寄出去,你能帮我吗?分词及物动词的分词形式作定语的形式:现在分词、“being+过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时,用现在分词;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时,用“being+过去分词”;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系
70、且表完成时,用过去分词。(2019天津卷)Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially designed to help them succeed academically and personally. 大多数大学现在为大一的学生提供一门专门为他们设计的课程,以帮助他们在学术和个人方面取得成功。Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上,有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。不及物动词的
71、分词形式作定语的形式:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词只表示动作已完成,不表被动。falling leaves正在落下的叶子(表正在进行)fallen leaves落叶(表完成)非谓语动词作宾语单句填空1.(2019课标全国卷)Scientists have responded by (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements.1.答案noting考查非谓语动词。介词by后应用动名词作宾语,故本空填noting。2.(2019课标全国卷)A 90-year-old ha
72、s been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for (be)Britains oldest full-time employeestill working 40 hours a week.2.答案being考查非谓语动词。介词for后应该用v.-ing形式作宾语,故填being。3.(2017课标全国卷)This included digging up the road, (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.3.答案laying本题考查动名词作宾语。由上文中的included dig
73、ging 和下文的and then building可知,此处为并列的动名词作included的宾语。4.(2017课标全国卷)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term (rest).4.答案restingspend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配。5.(2017课标全国卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants (prove)that she has brains as
74、well as beauty.5.答案to prove考查非谓语动词作宾语。want to do sth.想要做某事。单句改错6.(2019课标全国卷)If I succeed in manage one, I will open more. 6.答案managemanaging考查非谓语。介词in后接动词的-ing形式作宾语。7.(2018课标全国卷)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. 7.答案sellselling介词by后接动词的-ing形式作宾语。只接不定式作宾语的动词decide/
75、determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, helpI have decided to study engineering.我决定学工程学。特别提醒allow, permit, forbid, advise后需加动名词作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补。即allow/permit/forbid/advise doing/sb. to do sth.。接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动
76、词(1)try to do尽力做;try doing 试着去做;(2)mean to do打算做;mean doing 意味着;(3)regret to do遗憾要去做;regret doing后悔做过;(4)remember to do 记得去做;remember doing记得做过;(5)forget to do忘记去做;forget doing 忘记做了。I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺,并记得在那里我所看到的一切。I remembered to lock
77、 the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.我离开办公室之前记得关门了,但却忘记关灯了。特别提醒动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时,其后要用v.-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned. (clean与the window之间存在被动关系)作介词的宾语时,要用动名词形式,不能用动词不定式be/get used to, feel like, insi
78、st on, get down to, devote.to., object to, stick to, give up, have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.;have fun (in) doing sth.I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working with students. 我过去航海和现在与学生们打交道一样开心。非谓语动词作宾补单句填空1.(2018课标全国卷)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me (stay) and wa
79、tch. 1.答案to stay句意:一旦它的信息传递了,它就允许我待在那里观察(它们)。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。allow后需加不定式作宾补;又因为宾语me与stay为逻辑上的主动关系,故填to stay。2.As I squeezed back into my car, I saw the same lady (look) in at me.2.答案looking空格处作宾补,且表主动进行,由此结合“see sb./sth. doing”可知,现在分词符合题意。故空格处填looking。单句改错3.(2017课标全国卷)When summer comes, they will invit
80、e their students pick the fresh vegetables!3.答案pick前加toinvite sb. to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事”,是固定结构,其中不定式作宾补。类别用法例句不定式不定式作宾补时,宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主动关系。常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语):advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish
81、, call on, depend on等。If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯,我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。Parents want their children to develop fully.父母想让孩子全面发展。分词现在分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在主动关系,且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, h
82、ear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听!你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗?分词过去分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在被动关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。I need a new passport so I will hav
83、e to have my photograph taken.我需要一个新护照,因此我得拍张照片。非谓语动词作主语和表语单句填空1.(2019课标全国卷)On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take (get)there.1.答案to get考查动词不定式。此处考查 “it takes (sb.)some time to do sth.”这一句型结构,表示“花某人多长时间做某事”。其中it为形式主语,真正的主语为动词不定式。2.As time
84、 is pressing, I think (take) a taxi is the best way to get from here to the conference centre.2.答案taking/to take此处为动名词或不定式在从句中作主语。不定式不定式作主语时,一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长,常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。Its our duty to take good care of the old.照顾好老人是我们的责任。不定式作表语时,表示预定要发生的动作;当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, cho
85、ice等词时,常用不定式作表语;主语为what引导的名词性从句时,表语多用不定式。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(不定式作表语时,如果前面有实义动词do的形式,作表语的不定式常省略to。)动名词动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语,动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互
86、换位置。(2018北京卷)Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。常用动名词作主语的句型:Its a waste of time doing.;Its no use/good doing.;It is useless doing.。Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。1.对于语篇型填空中非谓语动词的解答,我们首先要通过句子的结构分析确定设空处是不是非谓
87、语动词,然后根据非谓语动词的用法确定用具体的某种形式。如果作主语或表语,就用动名词或不定式形式。如果设空处前有“for+名词或代词”,设空处用不定式。如果作定语,要判断该非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的逻辑关系,再根据不定式、分词作定语的用法确定设空处所需形式。如果作宾语,要注意设空处前的词,如果是介词(注意有时可能省略介词),设空处一定是动名词;如果是及物动词,要根据非谓语动词作宾语的用法判断其形式。如果作目的状语或表示意外结果的结果状语或在形容词后作状语,用动词不定式。如果作伴随、时间、条件、非意外的结果等状语,要根据与逻辑主语的关系,确定用现在分词或过去分词。如果作宾补,首先需弄清设空处与宾语
88、的逻辑关系,如果是主动关系,答案可能是to do,doing或不带to的不定式;如果是被动关系,答案可能是being done, to be done或done。2.对于短文改错试题,考生需在掌握非谓语动词用法的同时,熟记一些固定搭配,如:have difficulty (in) doing sth.;be busy doing sth.;let sb. do sth.等。.单句填空1.(2019江苏南通3月联考)(stabilize) economic growth, various measures are being taken to expand domestic demand. 1.
89、答案To stabilize考查非谓语动词作状语。句意:为了稳定经济增长,正在采取各种措施来扩大内需。采取各种措施扩大内需的目的是稳定经济增长,应用动词不定式作目的状语。2.(2019吉林一调)But if you do find it difficult (fall) asleep or stay asleep at night, then you should avoid naps and try to build up that healthy sleepiness in the evening. 2.答案to fall考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意:但是如果你确实发现在晚上很难入睡,那么你
90、应该避免小睡,尽量在晚上增强健康的睡意。本句中it作形式宾语,设空处作真正的宾语,故填to fall。3.(2019湖北孝感一中、应城一中等五校期中联考)Past studies have shown a link between sleeping less and weighing more, but scientists have had difficulty (determine) “which came first, the chicken or the egg?”says Julie Lumeng of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
91、 3.答案determining考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意:过去的研究表明睡眠少和发胖有联系,但是科学家们很难认定“到底是先有鸡还是先有蛋?”安阿伯市的密歇根大学的Julie Lumeng说。have difficulty (in) doing sth.意为“做某事有困难”。4.(2019河北百校联盟1月联考)Thanks to the high-tech rackets, they can now enjoy the magical feeling of(hit)the ball at over 150 kilometers per hour! 4.答案hitting句意:由于有了那种高科技
92、球拍,他们现在可以享受以每小时超过150千米的速度击打(网)球所带来的奇妙的感觉!设空处作介词of的宾语,故填动名词形式hitting。5.(2019河北衡水中学一调)Hangzhou will be the third Chinese city (host)the Asian Games. 5.答案to host考查非谓语动词作定语。句意:杭州将是第三个举办亚运会的中国城市。当名词被序数词修饰且该名词与非谓语动词有逻辑上的主动关系时,要使用动词不定式作后置定语,故答案为to host。6.(2019安徽江淮十校二次联考)Actually, it is quite normal for an
93、average person (live) in a city to see thousands of ads every single day. 6.答案living 考查非谓语动词作定语。句意:事实上在城市生活的普通人每天看到几千条广告是很正常的。被修饰词person与live为逻辑上的主动关系,用现在分词作定语,故填living。7.(2019湖北重点高中联考协作体期中考试)First of all,(become)aware of what causes your worry will help to reduce the stress. 7.答案becoming考查非谓语动词作主语。
94、句意:首先,知道造成你的忧虑的原因将有助于减轻压力。动名词短语可作句子主语,故填becoming。8.(2019吉林长春质检二)They start building their huts late in the summer, but do not get them (finish) before the early frosts. 8.答案finished句意:它们在夏末开始建造自己的小屋,但是并没有在霜冻初期结束。设空处在句中作宾语补足语,them指代their huts,与finish之间为逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词作宾补。get sth. done使某物被。9.(2019湖南浏阳
95、六校联考)Traditional Chinese wedding customs may vary from place to place and time to time, but have been holding an important position in the lives of Chinese people, (cause) a far-reaching impact on the way the Chinese lead their lives. 9.答案causing考查非谓语动词作状语。句意:中国传统婚礼习俗可能会因地域和时间的不同而不同,但它们在中国人的生活中一直占有重
96、要地位,从而对中国人的生活方式产生了深远的影响。cause与其逻辑主语为主动关系,故填causing。10.(2019闽粤赣“三省十校”联考) (host) by the Jinan municipal government, the Jinan winter swimming race has been held for six successive years. 10.答案Hosted句意:由济南市政府主办,济南冬季游泳比赛已连续举办了6年。主语“the Jinan winter swimming race”与host为逻辑上的被动关系,故填过去分词Hosted。.单句改错1.(2019山
97、西太原期中考试)Now, it not only devotes itself to sell books, but combines the functions of the bookstore, caf and sale of the creative cultural products. 1.答案sellselling句意:现在,它不仅专注于销售图书,而且还把书店、咖啡屋与创意性文化产品的售卖的功能相结合。动词短语devote.to(致力于)中的to为介词,后加名词或动名词作宾语,故把sell改为selling。2.(2019福建泉港一中、南安国光中学期中联考)Comparing wit
98、h other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. 2.答案ComparingCompared考查非谓语动词作状语。句意:与其他老师相比,摩尔老师更加注意他的教学方法。compared with.为独立成分,是固定用法,故将Comparing改为Compared。3.(2018河南郑州一次质检)Were never going to have enough time explore everything! 3.答案explore前加to句意:我们永远不会有足够的时间去探索一切。此处为不定式作定语,故在e
99、xplore前加to。4.(2019湖北宜昌示范性高中协作体期中)At first, seen the waves coming one after another, I was afraid. 4.答案seenseeing考查非谓语动词作状语。句意:开始时,看到一浪翻过一浪,我感到很害怕。错误处是状语部分,see与主语I为逻辑上的主动关系,且与was afraid同时发生,需用现在分词,故将seen改为seeing。5.(2019福建长汀一中等六校联考)Some students break this rule and some even play with their smartphone
100、s in class and that makes the teachers discouraging. 5.答案discouragingdiscouraged考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意:一些学生违背此项规定,有些学生甚至在课上玩智能手机,这使得老师们很是灰心。错误处表示“感到灰心的”。discouraging令人感到灰心的;discouraged感到灰心的。6.(2019湖南三湘名校教育联盟一次联考)We wanted to breathe the fresh air and having fun there. 6.答案havinghave句意:我们想在那里呼吸新鲜空气,玩得开心。考查非谓语
101、动词作宾语。错误处与to breathe并列作wanted的宾语;根据to breathe可知将having改为have。7.(2019安徽皖南八校一次联考)In short, it is a grateful heart that makes us becoming kind people and create a harmonious environment. 7.答案becomingbecome句意:总之,是一颗感恩的心使我们成为善良的人并创造一个和谐的环境。考查非谓语动词作宾补。make作“使,让”讲,后面需加不带to的不定式作宾补,故将becoming改为become。8.(2019
102、吉林重点中学二次联考)The book stressed the importance of use our time wisely. 8.答案useusing句意:这本书强调了我们明智地利用时间的重要性。考查非谓语动词作宾语。of是介词,后用动名词作宾语,故将use改为using。9.(2019安徽江淮十校二次联考)She devotes herself to teach and prepares well for every class. 9.答案teachteaching句意:她全身心投入到教学上并且准备好每节课。考查非谓语动词作宾语。“devote.to.”中的to为介词,后需加动名词
103、作宾语,故将teach改为teaching。10.(2019山东潍坊五市区联考)My grandparents live in the countryside. They keep a dog calling Ah Bao. 10.答案callingcalled句意:我的祖父母住在乡下。他们养了一条狗,名叫阿宝。考查非谓语动词作定语。call与a dog为逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词。.语法填空阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Imagine life today if the printing press had never been invented. We
104、 would not have books, posters, magazines or newspapers. The printing press 1(allow)us to share large amounts of information 2(convenient). In fact, the printing press is so significant 3 it has come to be known as one of the most important inventions of our time.Before the printing press 4(invent),
105、 any writings and drawings had to be completed painstakingly by hand. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the mid-1400s, 5 led to a huge social and cultural revolution. Long before the Gutenberg press, Chinese 6(improvement)in ink, block printing and movable clay type were made. This e
106、xpanded the 7(write)words range of influence.Modern print technology has made printing more 8(afford)than ever, whether youre printing thousands of booklets or a single poster. The industry has even embraced the Digital Age, which has given rise to online printing companies that make it easy for any
107、one 9(design), print, and mail printed materials 10 simply using their computers.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.答案语篇解读本文介绍了印刷机的发展历史和对人类社会作出的贡献。1.allows考查动词时态与主谓一致。句意:印刷机使得我们可以便利地分享大量的信息。设空处是句子的谓语,描述的是客观事实,时态为一般现在时,主语是单数名词,故填allows。2.conveniently考查副词。根据第1题的解析可知,设空处单词修饰动词share,所以要用其副词形式。3.that考查状语从句。句意:事实上,印刷机是
108、如此重要以至于。根据语境和so可知此处考查结果状语从句:so+adj.+that从句。4.was invented考查动词时态和语态。此处表达在印刷机被发明之前。时态为一般过去时,语态为被动语态,故填was invented。5.which考查定语从句。该从句表达:这导致了社会和文化的巨大革命。设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the printing press,关系词在从句中充当主语,所以要用which引导。6.improvements考查名词。设空处是句子的主语,列举了中国在印刷术方面的几项提高,所以要用名词的复数形式。7.written句意:这扩大了书面文字的影响范围。writ
109、ten words书面文字。8.affordable考查形容词。现代印刷技术已经让印刷比以前更能让人负担得起了。此处用形容词作宾语补足语,意为“负担得起的”。9.to design考查不定式。make it+adj.+for sb. to do sth.使得某人做某事了。10.by考查介词。此处表达通过用自己的电脑。by doing sth.通过做某事。.短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线
110、(划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。In March 2014, I got an opportunity to apply a job in China. Although the term has already started, still an university in Jinan welcomed me to be part of its great institution. Till now Ive been teach in the university for f
111、ive years. Within these years, I was able to travel to the nearby cities and also to cities like Shanghai or Beijing. However, none of these cities could top how much special Jinan is for me.Jinan may neither be as industrialized as Shanghai or as historical as Beijing. But Jinan, for me, is a true
112、wonderful city. Jinan is known for its springs and home-grown poet like Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji. The people here are more friendly than these elsewhere. I love this city.答案1.第一句:apply后加for此处表达:我获得了一次在中国申请一份工作的机会。固定搭配:apply for a job申请一份工作。2.第二句:hashad主句谓语动词是一般过去时welcomed,让步状语从句中的谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之前,所以要
113、用过去完成时。3.第二句:anauniversity是以辅音音素开头,应该用不定冠词a修饰。4.第三句:teachteaching句意:到目前为止,我已经在这所大学任教五年了。此处谓语动词应该是现在完成进行时,即has been teaching。5.第四句:orand在这几年里,我到过周围的一些城市,也去过像上海、北京这样的城市。此处表示并列,不是选择关系。6.第五句:去掉much此处表达:济南对我来说是多么特别。此处much多余。7.第六句:ornor句意:济南可能既不像上海那么工业化程度高,也不像北京那么历史厚重。neither.nor.既不也不。8.第七句:truetruly句意:但是
114、对于我来说,济南真的是一个非常好的城市。修饰形容词wonderful,所以要用副词形式。9.第八句:poetpoets后面列举了李清照和辛弃疾,所以poet要用复数形式。10.第九句:thesethose句意:这里的人们比那些别的地方的人更友好。表达:别的地方的那些人,要用指示代词those。三、情态动词和虚拟语气针对情态动词,高考主要考查的是can, should, must, may, could等常用情态动词的用法,其中情态动词表推测的用法是考查的重点。而针对虚拟语气的考查,主要涉及虚拟语气在条件状语从句、名词性从句中的用法,其中虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用是考查的重点。情态动词单句填
115、空1.(2018北京卷)In todays information age, the loss of data cause serious problems for a company. 1.答案can句意:在如今的信息化时代,丢失数据可能会给一个公司造成严重的问题。can在此处表示客观可能性,意为“可能会,有时候会”。2.(2018天津卷)I cant find my purse. I could (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but Im not sure.2.答案have left句意:我找不到我的钱包了。我昨天可能把它落在超市里了,但
116、我不确定。根据句中的时间状语yesterday可知空格处是对过去发生的事情的推测,需用“情态动词+have done”。3.Truly elegant chopsticks might (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.3.答案be made根据语境可知,筷子是被制造的。此处为含有情态动词的被动语态might be done。单句改错4.(2018课标全国卷)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch the
117、m, my parents would not to let me. 4.答案去掉let前的to情态动词would表示“意愿”时后面直接接动词原形。5.We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip. 5.答案chosechoose情态动词can后面接动词原形。chose是choose的过去式形式。1.情态动词的基本用法情态动词用法例句can/could表示“能力”,意为“能,会”。Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, can easily reach the books on the top
118、shelf. Samuel是我们班最高的男孩,他能轻易地够着书架顶层的书。表示推测,意为“可能”,用于否定句或疑问句中。can比could语气强。That cant be Maryshe is in London now.那不可能是玛丽她现在在伦敦。表示理论上的可能性,意为“有时候可能会”,用于肯定句。Credit cards provide us with lots of convenience, but they can lead to problems.信用卡给我们提供了许多方便,但也会带来一些问题。表示礼貌地请求,意为“能,可以”。在疑问句中could可代替can, 语气更委婉。Can
119、 you tell us your recipe for happiness and a long life?你能告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗?用于固定句式中:cannot.too/enough“无论也不过分”;“越越好”。I cant thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.我非常感谢你在我们不在家时帮助我的儿子。may/might表示许可和请求,在疑问句中might比may的语气更委婉。Might/May I have a word with you? It wont take
120、long.我可以和你说句话吗?不会耽误很长时间。may/might表示推测,意为“可能,或许”,通常用于肯定句和否定句中。If you forgot to turn it off when you went away, you might burn down the house.当你离开时如果忘记关掉它,你可能把整个房子都烧毁了。用于固定句式:may as well+动词原形“最好;倒不如”。Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here.既然雨下得这么大,你倒不如待在这儿。must表示义务、必要性等,意为“必须”。其否定式mustnt
121、意为“禁止”。Cant you stay a little longer? 难道你不能再多待一会儿吗?Its getting late. I really must go now. My daughter is home alone. 时间不早了。现在我确实得走了。我的女儿独自一人在家。表示猜测、推测,意为“想必,一定”。常用于肯定句中。You must be Carol. You havent changed a bit after all these years.你肯定是卡萝尔。这么多年你一点都没变。表示偏执,固执,意为“非得,偏要”。If you must go, at least wa
122、it until the storm is over.如果你非要走,至少要等到暴风雨停了。shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?要我告诉Brett明天放学后直接过来吗?用于第二、第三人称陈述句中,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。One of our rules is that every student shall wear the school uniform while at school.我们有一条规定,那就是每名学
123、生在校期间都必须穿校服。should表示劝告或建议,意为“应该”。I dont think you should give up the opportunity to go to university which you have been dreaming about. 我认为你不应该放弃你一直以来梦想的上大学的机会。should表示推测、可能性、或预期,意为“应该;可能”。He should be here on timehe started early enough.他应该按时到这里的他很早就出发了。用于表示感情或意志等的that从句中,意为“竟然;居然”。Its strange tha
124、t he should have taken the books without the owners permission. 简直是太奇怪了,他竟然未得到主人的允许就把这些书拿走了。will/would表示意志或意愿。will指现在,would指过去。I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.我已再三告诉他戒烟,但是他就是不听。表示习惯性动作,意为“总是”,will指现在,would指过去。I still remember my happy childhood when my mother
125、would take me to Disneyland at weekends.我仍旧记得快乐的童年,那时我妈妈经常在周末带我去迪斯尼乐园。表示征求意见或提出请求,多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。Will/Would you please let me have a look at your new watch?请让我看看你的新手表好吗?needneed表示必要性,常用于疑问句和否定句中,neednt表示“不必”。need 作实义动词时,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中,有人称、数和时态的变化;其后可接名词、代词、带to的不定式或动名词作宾语。My room is in a
126、 mess, but I neednt clean it before I go out tonight. 我的房间里乱糟糟的,不过我今天晚上出门之前没必要打扫。Since you know it already, we dont need to keep it a secret.既然你已经知道了,我们就没有必要保密了。daredare意为“敢,敢于”,没有人称、数和时态的变化,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中,后接动词原形。作实义动词时,在肯定句中通常接带to的不定式,在疑问句和否定句中,dare之后的不定式可省略。How dare you leave your home without y
127、our parents permission? 在没有征得你父母同意的情况下你怎么敢离开家?Most people hate Harry but they dont dare to say so.大多数人对哈里敢怒不敢言。2.情态动词+have done对过去的推测must have done一定做过某事Paul did a great job in the speech contest.He must have practised many times last week. 保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上周一定练习了很多次。George cant have gone too far. Hi
128、s coffee is still warm.乔治不可能走得太远。他的咖啡还是热的呢。You should have studied harder. 你本应该更努力学习的。cant/couldnt have done过去不可能做过can/could have done过去可能做过may/might have done过去可能做过may/might not have done过去可能没有做过对过去情况的后悔、遗憾或责备could have done本来能够做但却未做should have done本来应该做但是实际上未做shouldnt have done本来不应该做而实际上做了neednt h
129、ave done没必要做却做了虚拟语气单句填空1.(2019江苏卷)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we (have) a good time together.1.答案would/could have had考查虚拟语气。句意:多么遗憾!你错过了这次游览。否则我们就可以一起度过一段愉快的时光。根据关键词or可知,这里表示与过去的事实相反,谓语动词应用would/could+have done。2.(2018天津卷)If we (catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our h
130、oliday on the beach now.2.答案had caught句意:如果昨天我们赶上了那趟航班,我们现在就正在沙滩上享受我们的假期了。If从句表示与过去事实相反的假设,其谓语动词需用“had+过去分词”形式。3.Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week?If you (tell) me,I could have helped.3.答案had told根据句意和相关信息判断,条件从句表示与过去事实相反的假设,此时从句用过去完成时,主句谓语用“情态动词+have done”形式。单句改错4.Some classmates s
131、uggest we can go to places of interest nearby. 4.答案canshould或去掉cansuggest在此处表示“建议”,后面接宾语从句时,从句中谓语用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。1.条件句中的虚拟语气if条件句虚拟语气主句谓语动词从句谓语动词例句虚拟现在should/would/could/might+do过去式(be用were)If I were at school again,I would study harder. 如果我再次上学的话,我会更加努力地学习。虚拟过去should/would/could/might+hav
132、e donehad+过去分词They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers.如果他们多开几公里的话,他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。虚拟将来should/would/could/might+do过去式/were to do/should+doGrace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldnt be able to see her parents ver
133、y often.格雷斯不想搬到纽约,因为她认为如果住在那里,她就不能经常看到她的父母了。含蓄条件句有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来,而是隐含在某些词或短语中,或隐含在上下文中,这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语有:without(要是)没有;but for要不是;otherwise/or否则等。(2019天津卷)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would have accomplished the task in half the time. 工人们没有被更好地组织起来,否则他们用一半的时间就能完成这项任务。
134、2.虚拟语气在从句中的运用在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后接宾语从句中,以及这些动词的名词后接同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。常见的此类动词:一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三要求(require, demand, request)、四建议(suggest, advise, propose, recommend)。She suggested that Dale (should) join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him t
135、he confidence and recognition that he needed.她建议戴尔参加辩论队,她认为演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。My suggestion was that necessary measures (should)be taken to protect the children from dangerous situations.我的建议是采取必要措施来保护儿童远离危险的境遇。在“It is/was+adj./done+that.”句型中,从句中的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。常见的形容词或过去分词有:important, necessary
136、, strange, suggested, ordered, advised, requested, demanded 等。It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hours exercise every day.中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。wish后的宾语从句中,从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟;从句谓语动词用would/could
137、/might+动词原形表示对将来的虚拟;从句谓语动词用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. 这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活,我希望自己还能有机会去更多地参与其中。I wish I had told him the way to the supermarket.我真希望我已经告诉了他到超市的路线。would rather所接的宾语从句中,从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的虚拟;从句谓语动词用过去
138、完成时表示对过去的虚拟。Id rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.我宁愿他前天和我去的海边。if only从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟;从句谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形表示对将来的虚拟;从句谓语动词用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。Look at the trouble we are in. If only we had taken our teachers advice!看看我们所处的困境,要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好!as if/though从句谓语动词用
139、一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟;从句谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形表示对将来的虚拟;从句谓语动词用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。Marrys description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I had been there. 玛丽对这次聚会的描述是如此生动,以至于我觉得我好像去过那里一样。It is (high) time that.从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve t
140、he problem.确实到了我们采取措施解决这个问题的时候了。1.把握时间概念、重视语境信息。主要有三种方法,一是根据主句的已知信息,判断从句的谓语形式;二是根据从句的已知信息,判断主句的谓语形式;三是利用真实推出虚拟,或利用虚拟推出真实。2.熟悉考点设置,查找句中表示虚拟语气的线索和信号。例如:如果试题中出现if,应仔细研究句意,分析它引导的是真实条件从句,还是虚拟条件从句,若为虚拟语气,则检查主、从句中的谓语动词是否采用了相应的形式;看到一个句子时,一定要弄明白主句和从句两部分的时间所指,再看谓语动词形式是否与所指时间一致。3.观察题干中是否出现了表示建议、命令、要求等含义的词并判断其后
141、所接的从句中谓语是否用“(should+)动词原形”。4.如果题干中出现部分倒装结构或without, but for等时要判断是否考查虚拟语气。考生判断考点为虚拟语气后,可以利用“倒推法或还原法”推出隐含条件进行答题。5.关注谓语形式、留意语态正误、注意一词多义,全面把握虚拟语气。.单句填空1.(2019天津河东一模)Where is my Chinese book? I remember I put it here yesterday. You have put it in the wrong place. 1.答案must考查情态动词。句意:我的语文书在哪儿?我记得昨天把它放在这儿了。你
142、肯定是放错地方了。此处表示对过去情况的肯定推测,故用must have done。2.(2019江苏苏州调研)John wants to see me now, but I have so much work in hand that I would rather he (come) tomorrow than today.2.答案came句意:约翰现在想看我,但是我手头有很多工作要做,我宁愿他明天来而不是今天。would rather后面接从句,用虚拟语气,和现在的情况相反用一般过去时。3.(2019浙江杭州七校模拟)When you phoned me, I was having a me
143、eting;how I wish I (answer) your call.3.答案had answered句意:当你给我打电话的时候,我正在开会。我多么希望我(之前)接到了你的电话。wish后的从句用虚拟语气,根据句意可知是对过去情况的虚拟,所以谓语动词用had done形式。4.(2019天津十二校二模)He is a bad-tempered fellow, but he be quite charming when he wishes. 4.答案can考查情态动词。句意:他是个脾气糟糕的家伙,但是只要他想,他可以变得相当吸引人。根据语境填can,表示推测。5.(2019江苏苏锡常镇教情
144、调查一)Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he go out and buy something, usually something large and useless. 5.答案would句意:Ann说,无论何时,她爸爸不开心的时候就会出去买点东西,通常是一些大而无用的东西。本题考查情态动词的用法。would表示某种倾向或习惯性动作,符合语境。6.(2019天津南开一模)What does the sign over there read? No person smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar
145、 or pipe in this area.6.答案shall考查情态动词。句意:那边的标牌上写着什么呢?此地禁止吸烟或携带点燃的香烟、雪茄、烟斗。shall 与第二、三人称连用,在陈述句中表命令、指示、规定等。7.(2019天津和平一模)The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (develop). 7.答案(should) be developed考查虚拟语气。句意:主席建议新的规定应该得到加强。在表示建议时,suggestion 后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气,其构成是“should+动词原形”,should 可以省略。本
146、题中develop与rule 之间为被动关系,故填 (should) be developed。8.(2019湖北四地七校联考)It is high time that you (consider) that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little.8.答案considered/should consider在It is high time that.句式中,从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形。9.(2019天津十二校二模)You didnt let me drive. If
147、we (drive)by turns, you wouldnt have got so tired. 9.答案had driven考查虚拟语气。句意:你没有让我开车,如果我们轮流开的话,你就不会这么累了。此处是对过去情况的虚拟。if 引导的条件状语从句应用“if+主语+had+过去分词”,主句应用“主语+should/would/could/might+ have+过去分词”。10.(2019江苏苏锡常镇教情调查二)Mum, little Ray broke his toys again! It doesnt matter. You see, accidents happen. 10.答案wi
148、ll考查情态动词。句意:妈妈,小Ray又弄坏他的玩具了!不要紧。你知道,出事是难免的。will表示倾向性、经常性、必然性,符合语境。.单句改错1.Whenever I made mistakes and felt discouraged, my teacher and my classmates would help me figure out how I must have avoided them. 1.答案mustcould根据语境可知,该句表示“过去本能够做但却未做”,故用could have done。2.We neednt to do so much homework. There
149、fore, we have more time for after-school activities. 2.答案去掉toneed可作实义动词,有时态和数的变化;也可作情态动词,后接动词原形。根据neednt可知,need在此处为情态动词,后接动词原形。3.He walked in as if he bought the school, and the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 3.答案bought前加hadas if从句内容与过去事实相反,故应用虚拟语气,用过去完成时,在bought之前添加had。4.It
150、 is necessary that the government finds solutions to the problem of air pollution to create a clear environment. 4.答案findsfind在“It is necessary+ that.”中,从句的谓语动词应用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略,故finds改为find。5.It is suggested that the sports meeting put off till the smog is not so severe. 5.答案put前加be在“It is
151、 suggested+ that从句”中,that之后的从句谓语动词应用“should+动词原形”,should可省略,而本句中从句主语the sports meeting是动作的承受者,因此应用被动语态,put之前需要添加be。6.I paid 200 yuan in speeding fines;if only I respected the traffic rules! 6.答案respected前加had句意:我交了200元的超速罚金;要是我遵守交通规则就好了!if only之后的句子与过去情况相反,谓语动词应用“had done”,故在respected之前添加had。7.If Ge
152、orge had followed his fathers advice, he will be a lawyer now. 7.答案willwould本句为错综时间条件句,从句与过去事实相反,而逗号之后的主句与现在事实相反,谓语动词应用“would+动词原形”,故will改为would。8.When I got the papers, I realized that things would be better if I listened to the teacher attentively. 8.答案listened前加had根据语境和主句中的谓语realized可知,if引导的条件状语从
153、句所叙述的事情与过去的事实相反,应用虚拟语气,故if条件状语从句中的谓语动词应用过去完成时。9.In my opinion, by doing part-time jobs, college students must gain some social experience and broaden their outlooks. 9.答案mustcan根据语境可知,此处表示通过做兼职能够获得社会经验,而不是一定获得。10.Why didnt you buy an iPhone 8s? Its the most amazing phone. I would, but I didnt have t
154、he money. 10.答案在would后加have句意:你为什么不买一部iPhone 8s?这是最棒的手机。我本来想买来着,但我没有钱。考查虚拟语气。but引出的句子相当于“if I had had the money”;此处表示对过去的虚拟,用would have done, 故在would后加have, I would have为其省略形式,省去了have后的过去分词。.语法填空(2019河南名校联盟高考冲刺压轴卷四)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。I was returning to my home and stuck in the traffic.
155、Among the busy 1 (vehicle) was an ambulance, whose driver was trying 2 (get) out of traffic jams and the patient was fighting with his illness. Some people were giving space to the ambulance but others were not, 3 shows that there are good people in the world and there are 4 (self) people as well. I
156、f the ambulance could not find the way, the patient had to risk 5 (lose) his life on the way.Each life on the earth is important, whether it is a human being or an animal. What will be the difference if we think 6 (much) of others than of ourselves? Maybe it is only for 15 minutes every day, then ma
157、ny mistakes can 7 (avoid). When people notice our kindness, they will return it one day. So learn to show our kindness. Trust me, I have tried and 8works wonders honestly.The true value of life is not in what we get 9 what we give. If we can give more than receive, well 10(strength) the harmony amon
158、g people and live in a better world.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.答案语篇解读作者在回家的路上遇到了交通阻塞,救护车也难以通行,通过人们的表现作者有许多的感慨:要尊重生命,心怀善意,懂得付出,并且行动起来。1.vehicles考查名词。在繁忙的车辆中(当然不止一辆)有一辆救护车。所以要用名词的复数形式。2.to get考查不定式。救护车司机正竭力地想从拥挤的交通阻塞中挣脱出来。try to do sth.努力做某事。3.which考查定语从句。句意:一些人给救护车让出了空间但其他人没有,这就表明。设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰前面整个主句,
159、要用关系代词which引导。4.selfish考查形容词。selfish people自私的人。5.losing考查非谓语动词。risk doing sth.冒做某事的风险。6.more考查比较级。根据后面的than判断,此处应用比较级形式,表示多为别人着想。7.be avoided考查动词语态。此处指很多错误是能够避免的。主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系,所以填be avoided。8.it考查代词。句意:相信我,我已经试过了,它真的产生了奇效。根据语境,设空处单词代替learn to show our kindness,所以应填it。9.but考查连词。此处为not.but.句型,表示“不是而
160、是”。10.strengthen考查动词。根据will可知此处需要动词作谓语,所以要用 strengthen(加强;强化)。.短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线(划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。On New Years Day, I was very excited that
161、 I got up very early in morning. But Mother was even early than me, and she has got the breakfast ready. After having breakfast, I together with my parents left for home to visit my grandparents. On the way, I said Happy New Year to everyone which I met and they all said that back to me. Everyone wa
162、s happy but friendly. In my grandparents home, they prepared many sweets and snacks for visitor, which were all very delicious. The most excited thing was that I got some lucky money from his grandparents.答案1.第一句:veryso根据后面的that从句判断,该句为so.that.句型,表示“如此以至于”。2.第一句:morning前加the表示“在早上”要用in the morning。3
163、.第二句:earlyearlier根据后面的than可知此处为比较级,所以early应改为earlier。4.第二句:hashad介绍早上发生的事情,并且是在作者起床之前,所以应用过去完成时,表示“过去的过去”。5.第三句:去掉for此处表达“离开”,而leave for意为“出发去(某地)”。6.第四句: whichthat/who/whom或去掉which该定语从句修饰的先行词是指人的不定代词everyone,后面不能用which引导定语从句。由于引导词在从句中作met的宾语,所以 可用that/who/whom或省略不用。7.第五句:butand此处happy和friendly应该是并列关系,而不是转折关系,所以应用and连接两个并列表语。8.第六句:visitorvisitors根据语境判断,不可能是一位客人,而且前面没有限定词,所以应用复数形式。9.第七句:excitedexciting此处表达最令人激动的事情,所以要用exciting。10.第七句:hismy根据上下文语境可知此处应表示从“我的”祖父母那里得到一些压岁钱。
