1、Section Grammar and usage 句子成分和句子结构探究发现1Today is the start of a new term, the start of a threeyear journey and the start of a promising future. 2I cant wait to describe to you what high school life is like.3However, for those of you with a positive mind, opportunity lies in each challenge.4Senior hi
2、gh school will help you learn and grow, yet you alone are responsible for realizing your great potential.5When you rise to the challenges, you will have the opportunity to acquire great knowledge and enjoy personal growth. 6As a senior high school student, you must make efforts to improve your commu
3、nication and problemsolving skills.7There are also a lot of school activities for you.我的发现(1)句1中today是主语；the start of a new term是表语。句1结构为：主语系动词表语。(2)句2中I 是主语；you是间接宾语；what high school life is like是直接宾语。句2结构为：主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语。(3)句3 中opportunity是主语；lies in是谓语；each challenge是宾语。句3结构为：主语谓语宾语。(4)句4中senior hi
4、gh school是主语；will help是谓语；you是宾语；learn and grow是宾语补足语。句4结构为：主语谓语宾语宾语补足语。(5)句5中you是主语；will have 是谓语；the opportunity是宾语；to acquire great knowledge and enjoy personal growth是定语；句5结构为：主语谓语宾语定语。(6)句6中you是主语；must make是谓语；efforts是宾语；to improve your communication and problemsolving skills是状语。句6结构为：主语谓语宾语状语。
5、(7)句7是存现句：引导词there引导的句子。语法图解 单元语法一图贯通 语法突破 语境理解合作探究说明：主语“ ”；谓语“”；宾语“”； 表语“”； 补语“” ; 状语“”；定语“()”。一、句子成分根据英语词汇在句子中的地位和作用，英语的句子成分可分为主语(S)、谓语(V)、宾语(O)、宾语补足语(C)、状语(A)、表语(P)、定语(Attr.)等。1主语(Subject)：指句子所谈论的主体。观察John is good at playing football.约翰擅长踢足球。He went out in a hurry.他匆忙出去了。To rise early is a good h
6、abit.早起床是个好习惯。Smoking is bad for health.吸烟有害健康。归纳主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等充当。2谓语(Verb)：指谓语部分的主要动词，通常说明主语所做的动作或主语的特征和状态。观察I love my mother.我爱妈妈。He can speak English.他会说英语。 They are watching TV now.他们现在正在看电视。归纳谓语通常由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。实义动词可以单独作谓语，连系动词需要和表语一起构成谓语；情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词一起
7、构成谓语。3. 宾语(Object)：通常指动作的对象。谓语多是及物动词。有时谓语后面可以跟两个宾语，把表示人的宾语称为间接宾语(indirect object)，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语(direct object)。观察She has a very pleasant smile.她笑得很灿烂。Grandma likes singing.奶奶喜欢唱歌。I think(that) he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。They gave her some food.他们给了她一些食物。归纳宾语一般位于及物动词或介词后面。常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词
8、组或句子充当。 4.表语(Predicative)：指连系动词后面的成分，通常说明主语的身份、特征和状态。观察My father is a professor.我父亲是一位教授。His words sounded reasonable.他的话听起来是合理的。She is in the room alone.她独自在房间里。归纳表语一般位于系动词之后，由形容词、名词、代词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词或句子充当。常见系动词有be， become， feel， get， look， seem等。 5.补语(Complement)：补足语分为宾语补足语和主语补足语，用来补充说明宾语或主
9、语的特征或情况。观察His father named him .他父亲给他取名叫东明。They painted their their boat .他们把船漆成白色。Let the fresh air .让新鲜空气进来。He asked me .他请求我帮助他。归纳补语是补充说明宾语或主语的成分。一般由形容词、名词、副词、动词不定式、分词和介词短语等充当。 6.状语(Adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。观察The old man walks slowly老人缓慢地走着。Ill be back in a while我一会儿就回来。If it doesnt rain, well
10、 go camping tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们将去野营。归纳状语修饰说明动作或状态特征。一般由副词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等充当。 7.定语(Attributive)：修饰名词或代词。观察The (tall) boy is my cousin.这个高个子男孩是我的表哥。The girl (on the bike) is my sister.这个骑自行车的女孩是我的姐姐。Rose is the person (whom you should care about)罗丝是你应该关心的人。归纳即时演练1指出下列句中加黑体是什么句子成分The old people are
11、 well taken care of in the village. 主语 He managed to finish the work in time. 宾语 The girl is beautiful and kind. 表语 Great changes have taken place in China since 1980. 谓语 He saw a man enter the room.宾语补足语 Would you tell me your advice? me为间接宾语，your advice为直接宾语 The little baby cried loudly. 状语 The li
12、ttle girl is having an apple which is big and red. 定语 二、句子结构1. 主谓：主语谓语(不及物动词)(SV)观察The door opened.门开了。主语谓语Class begins.开始上课。主语谓语The red sun is rising.红日正在升起。主语谓语归纳在此句型中，谓语为不及物动词，不能接宾语，但能表达完整的意义。常见的不及物动词(短语)有：rise， matter， begin， come， go， happen， appear， work， take place。 2.主系表：主语系动词表语(SVP)观察Some g
13、irlsare very excited.一些女孩非常兴奋。主语系动词 表语The flower smells sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。 主语 系动词表语Your story sounds interesting.你的故事听起来很有趣。主语系动词 表语His face turned red.他的脸变红了。主语 系动词表语The babyfell asleep soon.这个婴儿很快就睡着了。主语系动词表语My fathers hope is that I can go home frequently.主语系动词表语我父亲的希望是我能经常回家。归纳(1)在此句型中，谓语动词必须加一个表明主
14、语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整意思。这类动词叫作连系动词。(2)此类动词大致分四类： “状态”类：be，keep，remain，stay；“感官”类：look, sound, feel，smell，taste等；“变成”类：get，grow，become，turn，go，fall，come等；“结果”类：prove，turn out等。(3)表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。 3.主谓宾：主语谓语(及物动词)宾语(SVO)观察My father teaches English.我的父亲教英语。主语谓语 宾语He refused to help them.他拒绝
15、帮助他们。主语 谓语宾语We all know that the earth runs around the sun.主语 谓语 宾语我们都知道地球围绕太阳转。归纳在此句型中，谓语为及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词，它必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能表达一个完整的意思。用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。 4.主谓宾宾：主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语(SVOO)观察Mr Smith lent mehis car.主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语Mr Smith lent his car to me.史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。Hegave me an apple.主语谓语 间接宾语
16、直接宾语He gave an apple to me.他给了我一个苹果。Heofferedme his seat.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语He offered his seat to me.他把座位让给了我。Father boughtme a book. 主语谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语Father bought a book for me.父亲给我买了一本书。归纳(1)在此句型中，谓语动词带两个宾语(双宾语)，前一个为间接宾语(通常指人)，后一个为直接宾语(通常指物)。如果要把直接宾语提前，就需要加适当的介词。即：“主谓间宾直宾”或“主谓直宾to/for间宾”结构。(2)间接宾语之前用介词
17、to的动词有：give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, order。(3)间接宾语之前用介词for的动词有：buy，fetch, save, choose, sing等。 5.主谓宾补：主语谓语宾语宾语补足语(SVOC)The teacher keeps all the windows . 主语谓语宾语 宾补老师让所有的窗户敞着。We are making our school .主语谓语宾语宾补。我们正使我们的学校变得更美丽。(Our school is more beautiful.)The m
18、an had the light all the night主语谓语宾语宾补状语这个人让灯亮了一夜。(The light was burning all the night.)The workers were made 12 hours a day主语谓语 主补状语工人被迫一天工作12个小时。(The workers worked 12 hours a day.)归纳(1)此句型的特点是：此类及物动词后面，要用一个“宾语宾语补足语”，才能使意思完整。 (2)作宾语补足语的可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式等。(3)该句式常用于三类动词：使役动词keep, make, le
19、t, have, leave, get等；感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, smell等；ask/tell/order/request/permit/persuade/ .sb to do sth。名师点津可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语：如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，则该动词接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。 6.主谓状：主语谓语状语(SVA)观察All the students are listening carefully
20、主语谓语状语所有的学生都在仔细地听着。Robot cooks will appear in our families in the future主语谓语地点状语 时间状语机器人厨师未来将出现在我们的家庭中。When her mother came in, she was sleeping.状语 主语谓语当她的妈妈进来时，她正在睡觉。归纳在此句型中，谓语也为不及物动词，但其后必须接副词、介词短语、不定式等作状语，否则结构不全，意义不完整。可以用作状语的有：副词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。7. 主谓宾状：主语谓语宾语状语(SVOA)观察Jane was doing her homew
21、ork at 8：00 last night主语谓语 宾语状语昨晚8点简在做作业。The man raisedhis armsabove his head主语 谓语宾语 状语那人把手臂举过头顶。归纳8存现句： 引导词there引导的句子观察There is a small pool at the foot of the mountain谓语主语 状语山脚下有一个小池塘。There arent some students in the dormitory now谓语主语地点状语时间状语现在宿舍里没有一些学生。归纳(1)“There be句型”表示“某处存在某物/某人”，因此被称为存现句。其基本句
22、型是“therebe主语其他(状语、定语等)”。(2)there在该结构中是个引导词，本身无词义。动词be是谓语动词，有时态变化，也可与情态动词连用。动词be要和后面的就近的主语保持单复数方面的一致。即时演练2补全句子The river looks very beautiful in the early morning. (SVP)在早晨这条河看上去非常美丽。I hear that a baby is crying in the next room.(SVA)我听到一个婴儿正在隔壁房间里哭。I usually do my homework at home in the evening.(SVO
23、)我通常晚上在家作功课。Now the farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.(SVOO)农民正在教那个男孩怎样种树。When he came in, he found the old man dead.(SVOC)当他进来时，他发现老人死了。The cake tastes delicious indeed.(SVP)这个蛋糕尝起来确实很美味可口。There used to be a great many birds spending the winter here.(存现句) 过去有许多鸟在这里过冬。 1.focus n焦点，重点 vt.
24、&vi.集中(教材p.6)Setting goals gives you a focus in life.设定目标让你有生活的重点。(1)the focus of attention关注的焦点(2) focus on/upon 集中注意力于focus/fix ones attention on .put ones heart into . 集中注意力于(3)focused adj. 注意力集中的(经典佳句)Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chi
25、nese traditions. 今天，很多中国人学习西方的风格和理论，而不是集中于中国的传统。练透单句语法填空The discussion focuses on/upon the trade war between China and America.The flat left by their parents seemed to be the focus of their argument.With his attention focused (focus) on his homework, he forgot all about what I had told him.写美一句多译我建议
26、你要集中注意力在你所学的东西上。I suggest you should put your heart into what you are studying.(put)I suggest you should focus your attention on what you are studying.(focus)2as a result of 由于(教材p.6)As a result of your action, your dream will come true and hopefully you will live a happy life.由于你的行动，你的梦想会实现，并有希望过上幸
27、福的生活。(1)as a result结果without result 毫无结果地(2)result in 导致result from 由引起(经典佳句)As a result of his hard work, he passed the exam easily.由于努力学习，他轻松地通过了这次考试。名师点津下列短语也表示“因为，由于”：because of, thanks to, due to, owing to练透选词填空(as a result, as a result of)Jack got injured yesterday.As a result, he cant take pa
28、rt in the match tomorrow.Jack cant take part in the match tomorrow as a result of his getting injured yesterday.写美一句多译天气如此糟糕，所以典礼被推迟了。The weather was bad. As a result, the ceremony was put off.(as a result)The ceremony was put off as a result of the bad weather.(as a result of) 3.base vt.以为基础(依据) n根
29、据；基础；基底；总部，大本营(教材p.7)Instead, you should set goals based on your abilities and skills.相反，你应该基于你的能力和技能设定目标。(1)be based on/base .on .以为基础；根据(2)basis n. 基础on the basis of . 在的基础上(3)basic adj. 基础的(4)basically adv. 基本上(经典佳句)Scientists have built an earlywarning system based on mathematical models.科学家以数学模
30、型为基础，建立了早期预警系统。练透单句语法填空In my diary, I set down a series of things that are based (base) on facts.Basing (base) an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.写美句式升级His film is based on his own experience, so it is very moving and attractive.Based on his own
31、experience, his film is very moving and attractive.(分词短语作状语) 4.remind vt.提醒，使想起(教材p.7)This will remind you of what you are working for and keep you focused.这会提醒你正在为了什么而努力，并使你精力集中。remind sb of sth提醒某人某事remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事remind sb that . 提醒某人(经典佳句)Although he had been reminded of the meeting,
32、 he still forgot it.尽管他得到提醒要开会，但他还是忘了。练透单句语法填空/补全句子Dont forget to remind her of the dinner party.Grandmother always reminds us to pay (pay) attention to our table manners.What the teacher had said reminded me of the famous saying，“Where there is a will, there is a way.”老师的话让我想起了“有志者，事竟成”这句著名的谚语。He reminded me that I should turn off the lights when I went out.他提醒我出去时要关灯。写美补全句子Lu Xun reminded himself to get up early by inscribing the character “zao” on his desk. 鲁迅在他的桌子上刻了一个“早”字来提醒他自己早起。
