1、M8 U2 Words and expressions 1.universal adj.1).Done by or involving all the people in the world or in a particular group 普遍的，全体的 a universal rule 普遍规律 War causes universal misery.战争造成了普遍的痛苦。2).Something relating to every part of the world or the universe.宇宙的，全世界的 a universal language 世界通用语言 Football
2、 is a universal game.足球是全球性的运动。【Derivation】universe n.宇宙2.stringn.1).material made by several threads twisted together,used for tying things together.细绳，线（U）a piece of string 一根绳子 Can you find some string for me to tie up the package.能帮我找些绳子捆这个包裹吗？2)a series of things or people that come closely one
3、 after another.一连串，一系列 a string of pearls 一串珍珠 She owns a string of health clubs.她拥有多家健身俱乐部。3.cast vt.(cast,cast)1).give(an actor)a part in a play 选派扮演某角色;为选派演员cast sb.(as sb)cast sb.(in sth)He was cast as Othello/in the role of Othello.他将被选派担任奥赛罗这一角色。2).throw sb or sth somewhere,especially using fo
4、rces 投;抛 The fisherman cast his net into the water.渔民把网撒在水里。3).to look,smile etc.in a particular direction 向.投以（视线，笑容等）She cast a welcoming smile in his direction.她向他微笑以示欢迎。I just cast a glance at the headlines.我只是看了看标题。4).to make light or a shadow etc.appear in a particular place 投射(光、影等)The settin
5、g sun cast an orange glow over the mountains.橘红色的夕阳映辉这群山。n.班底,演员阵容 CThe cast of the play was very strong.这出戏的演员阵容非常强。4.condemn vt.1）to express very strong disapproval of sb or sth 谴责;声讨condemn sb/sth for/as sth 因为.谴责某人或某事The newspapers condemned the Prime Minister for his attitude toward the event.各
6、报纸因为首相对此事的态度而责难他。2).usually passive to say what sbs punishment will be （法律）判罪;处刑 condemn sb(to sth)判处某人某种罪行 be condemned to sth被宣告某种罪行 condemn sb for sth因为.判处某人罪行 condemn a murder to life imprisonment 判凶手无期徒刑 be condemned to death 被处死 The judge condemned him for fraud(欺骗).5.dare vt.1).Be brave enoug
7、h to do sth 敢;胆敢dare to do sth He did not dare to leave his car there.他不敢把车停放在那里。2).谅（某人）也不敢，挑逗,激I dare you to cheat me.谅你也不敢欺骗我。Dont you dare!你敢！（谅你也不敢！）How dare you?你竟敢！（表气愤）3).敢于面对,敢冒(险)She dared the anger of her father.她不怕惹她父亲发火。aux.（助动词）敢;竟敢 How dare you ask me such a question?你怎敢问我这样的问题?My you
8、nger sister dare not go out alone.我妹妹不敢单独出去。I dare say 我敢说（我相信；可能）6.disturbing adj.make you feel anxicious and upset or shocked 引起恼怒的，令人不安的，引起恐慌的The newspaper has unearthed some disturbing facts.报纸揭发了一些令人不安的真相。【Derivation】disturbed，disturb disturbed adj.有精神病的，心理不正常的；不幸的；心神不宁的 a specially school for
9、emotionally disturbed children 为精神异常的儿童开办的特殊学校 The killer had a disturbed family background.这个杀手有着不幸的家庭背景。She was in a fairly disturbed state of mind.她的心情颇为烦躁不安。disturb vt.1).to interrupt sb when they are trying to work or sleep ect.妨碍,打扰 Im sorry to disturb you so early.对不起,我这么早打扰你。2).to move sth o
10、r change its position扰乱,搞乱 They were charged with disturbing the public peace.他们被指控扰乱公共治安。3).to make sb worry使心神不宁 She was disturbed to hear you had been injured in the accident.她听到你在事故中受了伤感到不安。7.at first sight 初见，乍看We fell in love with the cottage at first sight.我们在村舍里一见钟情。at the sight of 看到，看见I al
11、ways faint at the sight of blood.我一看见血就犯晕。lose ones sight 失明catch sight of 突然看见out of sight 看不见，在视野外lose sight of 不再看得见come into sight 出现disappear from sight 消失 8.seizevt.1).to take sb/sth in your hand suddenly and using force 抓住;捉住 The police seized an escaping convict.警察抓住了一个在逃犯。He seized her hand
12、 and shook it heartily.他拉住她的手高兴地握着。2).to take control of a place or situation,often suddenlyand violently 夺取;攻占 The enemy seized the town after a violent attack.敌人猛攻后占领了这个城镇。3).to take illegal or stolen goods awwy sb 没收;扣押;查封 The customs officers seized the smuggled heroin.海关官员没收了走私的海洛因。4).to be qui
13、ck to make use of a chance抓住(时机等),利用 He seized the chance of a trip to Singapore.他抓住那次去新加坡旅行的机会。5).to affect sb suddenly and deeply(疾病)侵袭;(情绪)支配,控制(+by/with)He was seized with a slight attack of fever.他有一点发烧。He was suddenly seized with panic.他突然惊恐万分。vi.1).抓住,捉住;夺取(+on/upon)We seized on his remark an
14、d regarded it as a promise.我们抓住他的话把它当作是一种承诺。2).利用(+on/upon)Margot seized on the excuse to get out of choir practice.玛格丽利用那个借口逃避合唱队的练习9.demandn.1).a very firm request for sth 要求,请求C(+for)They rejected the union demand.他们拒绝了工会的要求。2).the desire or need of sb,especially of customers 需要,需求 U(+for)The sup
15、ply of vegetables falls short of demand this year.今年蔬菜供不应求。vt.1)to ask for sth very firmly要求,请求+to-v+that The boss demanded that Mary(should)finish it within a week.老板要求玛丽在一周内完成它。She demanded to see the headmaster.她请求见校长2)to need sth in order to be done successfully需要 There are just too many things
16、all demanding my attention at once.只是有太多的工作需要我立即处理。【Derivation】demanding adj.费力的；苛求的 a demanding job 一份费力的工作 Her mother could be very demanding at times.她妈妈有时会变得十分难伺候。10.grabvt.1).to hold sb/sth with your hand suddenly,firmly or roughly 攫取,抓取 The thief grabbed the purse and ran away with it.这贼猛地一把抓住
17、钱包逃跑了。2).to take sth for yourself especially in a selfish or greedy way 夺取,霸占 grab public funds 强占公共基金 grab power 攫取政权3).to do sth quickly because you are in a hurry 赶;匆忙地做 Dad grabbed some breakfast and went off to work.爸爸匆匆吃了点早饭就去上班了。vi.to try to take hold of sth 抓(住),夺(得)grab at sth 抓住某物 She grab
18、bed at the money.她一把抓住钱。n.c 1).a sudden attempt to take or hold sb/sth 抓住,攫取,霸占(+at/for)He made a savage grab for the knife.他恶狠狠地去抓刀子。2).抓得之物,夺取之物11.scold vt.to speak angrily to sb,especially to a child because they have done something wrong 骂,责骂;唠唠叨叨地责备scold sb(for sth or for doing sth)She is alway
19、s scolding her children.她老是斥责自己的子女。vi.骂,叱责Her mother scolds too much.她母亲训斥太多。n.c 责骂 His father gave him a bad scold this morning.他父亲今晨狠狠训了他一顿。12.merciful adj.ready to forgive people and show them kindness 仁慈的;慈悲的;宽容的 (+to)a merciful judge 一位仁慈的法官 She was merciful to the prisoners.她对犯人很仁慈。【Derivation
20、】mercy mercy n.1).a kind or forgiving attitude towards sb that you have the power to harm or right to punish慈悲,怜悯;仁慈,宽容U(+on)The commander showed mercy to the prisoners of war.司令官对战俘十分怜悯。2).仁慈行为,善行C(+for)3).【口】a event or situation to ba grateful for,usually because it stops sth unpleasant 幸运,侥幸S It
21、was a mercy that the whole family survived the earthquake.这次地震中一家人都幸免于难,真是不幸中之大幸。4).救济,救难 Distributing food among the homeless was an act of mercy.发配食物给无家可归的人是救苦救难的行为。show mercy to 宽恕，怜悯have mercy on 发慈悲，对表示怜悯at the mercy of 任凭摆布13.opportunity n.a time when a particular situation makes it possible t
22、o do or achieve sth 机会;良机CU(+of/for)+to-v There may be an opportunity for you to see the chairman of the board tomorrow.明天你也许有机会见到董事长。Take the opportunity to do sth 趁机，借机做某事 Id like to take this opportunity to wish you a good trip.14.bachelor n.1).a man sho has never been married 单身汉 a bachelor flat
23、 单身公寓 He was a confirmed bachelor.他是一个信守独身主义的人。2).(uauslly Bachelor)a person who has a Bahelors degree 学士学位 a Bachelors/Masters/Doctors degree 学士/硕士/博士 a Bachelor of Arts/Engineering/Science 文学士/工程学士/理学士15.tendencyn.C 1).If sb/sth has a particular tendency,they are likely to behave or act in a parti
24、cular way 倾向;癖性;天分a tendency to/toward sth 有.的倾向a tendency(for sb/sth)to do sth 倾向于做某事，往往做某事 He has a tendency towards pessimism.他有悲观的倾向。Jane is nice but she has a tendency to talk too much.简人倒不错，就是往往太唠叨。2).a new custom that is starting to develop趋势,潮流 There is a tendency towards regional cooperatio
25、n.有一种地区性合作的趋势。3).倾向;意向 His new magazine has anarchic tendencies.他的新杂志有无政府主义倾向。【Derivation】tend v.tend to do sth倾向于做某事，往往做某事15.spring upto appear or come somewhere suddenly 出现Computer stores are springing up all over the place.这一地区电脑商店正如雨后春笋般崛起。17.declinen.a continuous decrease in the number,value,qu
26、ality,etc.of sth (数量，价值，质量等的)减少，下降，衰弱，衰败a rapid/sharp/gradual/steep/dramatic decline 迅速/急剧/逐渐下降vi.to become smaller,fewer,weaker,ect.衰弱;衰败decline steadily/sharply/rapidly/dramatically 稳步下降/迅速下降vt.to refuse politely to accept or to do sth 婉拒;谢绝 She declined their invitation.她婉拒了他们的邀请。18.trend n.c 1).
27、(海岸、河流等的)走向 The mountains have a western trend.群山向西延伸。2).a general direction in which a situation is changing or developing 趋势,倾向;时尚 The current trend is towards informal clothing.目前的趋势是穿着比较随便。vi.(+towards)1).伸向;折向,转向The road trends to the north.这条路是向北的。2).趋向,倾向 Share prices have been trending down.
28、股票价格一直趋向下降。19.seek (sought,sought)vt.1).to look for sb/sth 寻找;探索;追求(+out)They were seeking employment.他们在找工作。2).to try to obtain or achieve sth 设法获得，寻求 Do you think the president will seek reelection?你认为总统会寻求连任吗？We are always seeking to improve productivity.我们一直设法提高生产率。3).to ask sb for sth 征求;请求 see
29、k ones advice/help/assistance20.prejudicen.1).a unresonable dislike of a person,group,custom,etc.偏见,歧视CU(+against)I havent got one particle of race prejudice.我没有丝毫的种族偏见。2).a preference for a person,group,custom,etc.偏爱,偏袒CU(+in favor of)He has a prejudice in our favor.他对我们有偏爱。3).【法律】损害,侵害U The attorn
30、ey argued that the decisioninvolved prejudice to his client.律师论辨说这一裁决侵害了他的委托人。vt.1).to influence sb so that they have an unfair or unreasonable opinion about sb/sth 使抱偏见,使怀成见(+against/in favor of)One unfortunate experience prejudiced him against all lawyers.一次不幸的经历使他对所有律师产生偏见。2).to have a harmful ef
31、fect on sth 对.不利;损害,侵害I dont want to prejudice your chances in any way.我决不想破坏你的机会。21.discrimination n.U1).a difference that is recognized 辨别,区别the discrimination between right and wrong 是非的分辨2).the ability to judge what is good,true,ect.识别力,辨别力The furnishings in their house showed taste and discrimi
32、nation.他们家的室内陈设显示了主人的审美力和鉴别力。3).the practice of treating sb or a particular group in society less fairly than others 不公平待遇,歧视(+against)sexual/age/racial discrimination 性别,年龄,种族歧视 discrimination against women 对女性的歧视【Derivation】discriminatevt.1).to show a difference between people or things 区别,辨别(+fro
33、m)Can you discriminate good apples from bad ones by their appearance?你能根据外表辨别好苹果和坏苹果吗?2).使有区别,区别于 The ability to think discriminates humans from other animals.思维能力使人区别于其他动物。vi.1).区别,辨别(+between)It is important to teach children to discriminate between right and wrong.教育小孩区分是非很重要。2).to treat one pers
34、on or group worse/better than another in an unfair way 有差别地对待 (+against/in favor of)Our teacher never discriminates in favor of brighter pupils.我们的老师从不给优生以特殊对待。22.break sth.up 1)to divide into many pieces,or to divide something into many pieces 分裂The company has been broken up and sold off.2）If an o
35、ccasion when people meet breaks up or someone breaks it up,it ends and people start to leave 解散,结束,放假The meeting broke up at ten to three.We broke up for the holidays in June.3）If a marriage breaks up or two people in a romantic relationship break up,their marriage or their relationship ends(婚姻,友谊等)
36、破裂Jenny and George have broken up.break 常用短语break out1).to start suddenly(灾难等)突然爆发War broke out in 1914.Fighting has broken out all over the city.2).break out(of sth):to escape from a place or situation 逃离（某地）They broke out of prison and fled the country.break through sth.to force yourself through s
37、omething that is holding you back 突破Protesters broke through the barriers.break awayto leave or to escape from someone who is holding you 挣脱,摆脱He grabbed her,but she managed to break away.break down1).If a machine or vehicle breaks down,it stops working (机器等)出故障 Our car broke down and we had to push
38、 it off the road.2).If a system,relationship or discussion breaks down,it fails because there is a problem or disagreement.(谈判等)失败3).to be unable to control your feelings and to start to cry 崩溃 When we gave her the bad news,she broke down and cried.break in/break into sth:to get into a building or c
39、ar using force,usually to steal something:强行闯入 The burglars broke in through the kitchen window.My cars been broken into twice this month.break in:to interrupt when someone else is talking:插嘴 As she was talking,he suddenly broke in,saying,“Thats a lie”.break into sth:to suddenly begin to do somethin
40、g:突然爆发 He felt so happy that he broke into song(=suddenly began to sing).break sth.off 1).to separate a part from a larger piece,or to become separate 折断He broke off a piece of chocolate.2)to end a relationship 中断Theyve broken off their engagement.The governments have broken off diplomatic relations.She broke off in the middle of a sentence.
