1、Indian OceanPacific OceanAtlantic OceanArctic OceanQuestion:How many oceans are there in the world?Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan 费迪南德费迪南德 麦哲伦麦哲伦What is a navigator?A navigator explores new routes across the sea.the Arctic Oceanthe Indian Oceanthe Pacific Oceanthe Atlantic OceanVasco da Gama
2、瓦斯科 达伽马Christopher Columbus克里斯托弗 哥伦布What is the difference between a What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer?navigator and an explorer?Navigatorseanautical instrumentsfind new islands or continentsA navigator explores the sea.Explorerlanduse compass and landmarksfind new places wi
3、thin an already identified island or continent An explorer discovers new places on land.Zheng HeMarco PoloJames CookLook at these famous people.Are they navigators or explorers?What do you know about them?Zheng He1371-1433He led a large fleet to explore Southeast Asia,India and the Middle East in th
4、e Ming Dynasty.Altogether he made 7 voyages in the 15th century.He travelled more than 50,000 km and visited 30 countries new to China and developed many trade links.He is considered one of the earliestnaval explorers in Chinese history.Marco Polo1254-1324He is the most famous westernerto travel the
5、 Silk Road and the only person to provide information about China to the outside world.In 1271 he set out to reach the Mongol Empire and then China.In 1295,he arrived back in Europe.Three years later he was imprisoned by the Genoese.While in prison,he told the storyof his travels to a fellow prisone
6、r who wrote his adventures down.When his book was published it became a best-seller.The Map of Marco Polos voyageJames Cook1728-1779James Cook was the greatest Britain navigator.Cook joined in the Royal Navy in 1755.In 1768 he was promoted and sent to the Pacific where he surveyed Tahiti,New Zealand
7、,and Australia.On his famous second expedition(1772-1775)he explored Antarctica.In 1776 he undertook his third and finalvoyage in which he explored the West Coast of North America and tried to locate a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.On this voyage he discovered the Hawaiian Islands,
8、and sailed up the coast of North America through the Bering Straits to the Arctic Ocean.On his return he was killed by Hawaiian islanders.He is regarded as one of the worlds greatest explores and navigators.The four basic instruments for navigation:compass,astrolabe,sextant and nautical passcompassa
9、strolabeastrolabesextantnautical chartnautical chartAnswer the questions.1.How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented?Kept close to the shore,used nature such Kept close to the shore,used nature such as the sun,wind,birds,tide,etc,to help as th
10、e sun,wind,birds,tide,etc,to help them,and used some of the instruments them,and used some of the instruments including a compass,astrolabe,etc.including a compass,astrolabe,etc.2.Which do you think was easier to work out:latitude or longitude?Latitude,because it was used to measure how far you had
11、traveled from land on a straight line.It was discovered a long time before longitude.3.Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used?1)compass(in ancient China)2)astrolabe3)sextant4)sea/nautical/marine chart4.Which ones do you think are still used 4.
12、Which ones do you think are still used today?today?Sea charts are still used today.Sea charts are still used today.Read about what navigation was like before modern instruments were used.How did seamen explore the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ships position?Page 1U
13、sing nature l Keeping alongside the coastlinel Using celestial bodiesl Using wildlifel Using the weatherl Using the seaUsing celestial bodiesto plot the positionsto work out the latitudea special cloud formation which indicates there is land close byUsing wildlifeIf seaweed was fresh and smelled str
14、ongly,the ship was close to land.Seabirds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen.Using the weatherTo help identify the position of a stream or river when To direct their sailingUse the information to analyze the navigational skills and write the answers in your own word
15、s.1.To find the ships position at sea a sailor used _.2.A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw _ _.3.Sailors used _ _ to increase their speed.the North Star and the sunsea currents or tides andwindsUsing nature clouds,fresh seaweed,nesting birds returning home in the evening or fog What skills
16、 did sailors use to explore the seas and discover new lands?Page 2Using navigational instruments 1.Finding longitude 2.Finding latitudethe compassl the bearing circle (方位圆)l the astrolabe (星盘)l the quadrant (象限仪,四分仪)l the sextant (六分仪)Read again and fill in the blanks.There were two methods to find
17、longitude:1._ 2._ _measuring time and speedcompass and complicatedmathematical tablesUsing instruments Write down the working principles Write down the working principles of the following instruments.of the following instruments.Bearing circle:Bearing circle:Astrolabe:Astrolabe:to compare the height
18、 to compare the height of the sun now with of the sun now with the position of the sun the position of the sun at midday.at midday.to compare the position to compare the position of the ship in relation to of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun.some stars or the sun.Quadrant:Quadrant:a mor
19、e precise form of the astrolabe,to a more precise form of the astrolabe,to measure how high stars are above the measure how high stars are above the horizon,and compare that horizon,and compare that measurement with previous measurement with previous measurements(using the ship as one of measurement
20、s(using the ship as one of the fixed points to find its position)the fixed points to find its position)Sextant:an updated version of the an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more quadrant and so it was more accurate,to measure the accurate,to measure the angle between two fixed angle bet
21、ween two fixed points outside the ship(using points outside the ship(using two mirrors to find the ships two mirrors to find the ships position).position).horizonSun heightA Bearing CircleBearing the sun-height and azimuth (The marks were used to measure the shadow of the sun and its height and posi
22、tion in the sky.)(方位)Read the passage and answer the following questions.1.What is the use of a bearing circle,astrolabe,quadrant or sextant?()What is the use of a compass?()A.to set the course of the ship B.to measure the position of the ship C.to measure the speed of the ship 2.D.to tell the timeB
23、AUsing instruments Skim the text and fill in the blanks.NatureCelestial bodies were used to _ the positions of navigators and to work out their _._ was used to tell where the ship was close to land or to show the _ to land.plotlatitudeWildlifewayThe weather could help _ the position of a stream or r
24、iver and to direct the sailing.Certain _ on the sea were used to carry ships to the destination.Navig-ational instru-mentsThe _ was used to help find longitude.The Bearing Circle,the Astrolabe,the Quadrant and the _ were used to find latitude.identifytides and currentscompasssextant1.Read the passag
25、e carefully and then answer the questions.1)Why are speed and time important in 1)Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship?working out the longitude of a ship?Speed and time are important in Speed and time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship finding ou
26、t the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteenbecause the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour.If you degrees westwards every hour.If you know your direction,speed and time,know your direction,speed and time,you can work out the approximate you can work out the approximate lon
27、gitude or change in your position longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.in relation to the stars.2)Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for working out latitude?The position of the sun and stars are useful for working out latitude because they are fixed poi
28、nts in the sky and their movements in relation to the earth are already known.So they can be used to measure a ships position.2.Suppose you were a sea captain aiming 2.Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa.Discuss in groups.to sail round Africa.Discuss in groups.1)What skills wo
29、uld you seek in your 1)What skills would you seek in your sailors?sailors?2)What problems would you anticipate 2)What problems would you anticipate for this journey?for this journey?What would you do if:Plan of actionYou were far from land and a storm arose.wait till the storm is over,and then find
30、your new position and return to your original course3.Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to deal with them.What would you do if:Plan of actionYou knew your latitude but didnt know your longitude.use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate longitudeWhat would you do
31、if:Plan of actionYou were blown off course.use the compass and the astrolabe,quadrant or sextant to find out your position,return to your former courseWhat would you do if:Plan of actionYou were offshore but you needed more food and water.follow nesting birds to shore;look for special cloud formatio
32、ns or fog over streams to find landWhat would you do if:Plan of actionYou wanted to keep a straight course.use a compassWhat would you do if:Plan of actionYou were lost with no land in sight.measure your position using the sun or stars;look for sea birds,cloud formations,fog or seaweed to show that
33、land is nearby4.Imagine you are on a boat with 4.Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people.You have twenty-nine other people.You have a small box for your personal things a small box for your personal things but it can only hole ten items.What but it can only hole ten items.What would
34、you need for a weeks journey would you need for a weeks journey across the North Sea to England?across the North Sea to England?CategoryItemsClothesHygiene BeddingGamessoapblanketcards,chessshirt,trousersCategoryItemsShoesToolsMedicinesBooksknife,scissorssea-sick tablets,cold medicinenovels,essay collectionswaterproof boots1.Review this passage.2.Preview Learning about language.
