1、必备知识梳理方法规律技巧课 时 作 业1.作主语不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it代替,而把不定式放到后面。如:It is not easy to bring up a child.养育孩子不容易。2作宾语或宾语补足语(1)下列动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语(不用ing形式)。ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire。如:He refused to lend me his
2、bicycle.他拒绝借给我他的自行车。(2)下列动词后接不定式或ing形式作宾语均可,意思区别甚微。begin,start,like,love,hate,continue,prefer。如:I like watching TV,but I dont like to watch TV this evening.我喜欢看电视,但今晚我不想看。易错提示:like doing表示习惯性动作,like to do则表示具体动作。(4)在及物动词tell,advise,show,teach,learn,know,decide等之后,常接“疑问词不定式”结构作宾语。如:Please tell me whe
3、re to have the meeting.请告诉我在哪儿开会。(5)介词之后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接“疑问词不定式”结构。如:Marx gave some advice on how to learn English.马克思对如何学习英语提出了一些建议。但but,except之后可跟不定式作宾语(主要用于否定句);当前面的句子中有实义动词do时,不定式符号“to”要省略。如:There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.除了保持沉默,他们没有别的办法。The enemy had no choice but to give in.敌
4、人别无选择,只能让步。(6)有些形容词也可以接不定式。happy,glad,pleased,sure,ready,eager,free,afraid,anxious,willing等。如:He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。(7)连词词组rather.than也常接不带to的不定式。如:I would rather ride than walk.我宁愿骑自行车也不步行。有时rather than一起置于句首。Rather than get money in such a dishonest way,Marywould beg in the s
5、treet.与其用如此不诚实的方法挣钱,玛丽宁愿在街上乞讨。(8)下列动词后接不定式作宾语补足语时,常省去不定式符号“to”。但在被动语态中,宾补变成主语补足语时,要加上“to”。使役动词let,make,have感官动词see,watch,look at,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel(help后省不省皆可,let一般不用于被动语态)。如:The boss made the boy work twelve hours a day.The boy was made to work twelve hours a day.老板让这个男孩一天工作12个小时。(9
6、)如果要表明不定式动作的执行者,动词不定式前可加上for短语,不定式和这个短语一起构成动词不定式的复合结构。如:I dont think it necessary for him to leave so early.我认为他不必这么早离开。在这种结构中,用for sb.to do sth.侧重动作;侧重对逻辑主语的品格评价时,用of sb.to do sth.。这种不定式复合结构常用于下列形容词后:bad,brave,careful,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,good,grateful,honest,kind,nice,polite,rude,stupid等。
7、如:Its very foolish of you to believe him.你相信他,太傻了。3作定语(1)不定式作定语时要放在被修饰词之后。如:He was the first to arrive.他是第一个到的人。(2)如果不定式是不及物动词,它后面应有必要的介词。如:She is a very nice person to work with.她是一个很好的工作伙伴。Have you enough paper to write on?你有足够的纸来写字吗?(3)当句中有不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式作定语,主动语态可表示被动意义。如:I have a letter to write.(
8、不用to be written)我有一封信要写。Please give me something nice to eat.(不用to be eaten)请给我些好吃的。但在there be句型中,虽常用主动语态,但用被动语态亦可。如:There is a meeting to attend.(to be attended也可)有一个会议要出席。易错提示:当征求对方是否有事需请求者去做时,不定式作定语用被动语态。如:“Would you have a letter to be typed,manager?”saidthe typist.打字员说:“经理,你有信要打吗?”(2)掌握不定式作结果状语
9、的几个句型。如:She is old enough to go to school.她已经到了上学的年龄。He is too short to be a basketball player.他太矮了,不能成为一名篮球运动员。They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.(to前常用only表示意想不到的结果)他们搬起石头却砸到自己的脚上。9too.to的两种含义too.to.句型既可表示“太以至于不能”,也能表达“非常能”,请注意区分。如:Im too young to go to school.我年龄太小还不能上学。Im too g
10、lad to help you.我非常乐意帮助你。3大部分“动词介词”的短语动词后只能接动词ing形式作宾语。这些动词短语有think of,give up,aim at,put off,insist on,persist in,be good at,do well in,cant help(禁不住),keep on,leave off,feel like,be tired(afraid,capable,fond)of,set about等。以 下 为 to作 介 词 的 短 语 be usedto,object to,devote oneself to,stick to,respond to
11、,look forward to,see to,submit to,adapt to,apply to,get to,prefer to,adjust to,owe to,react to等。如:Do you feel like having a drink?你想喝点饮料吗?3使役动词,如set,keep,have,get,leave,catch等。Can you get my watch going again?你能使我的表再走起来吗?This sets me thinking.这使我思考。Working diligently,you will certainly succeed.只要刻苦学
12、习,你会成功的。(条件)Granting the achievements to be great,there is still something to be desired.(让步)(尽管)成绩是巨大的,(但)仍有一些要求改进的东西。My car was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.我遇到了交通堵塞,所以延误了。(结果)Traveling by train,we visited a number of cities.我们坐火车访问了好多城市。(方式)Mary sat by the window of the classroo
13、m,reading a book.玛丽坐在教室的窗户旁,在读一本书。(伴随)She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.She went on board the train,which was leaving forShanghai.她坐上了去上海的火车。易错提示:现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词表示主动或动作正在进行,过去分词表示被动或动作已经完成。1.过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状态(连系动词过去分词)。We were veryinterestedin the novel she gave us yesterday.我们对她昨天给
14、我们的小说非常感兴趣。可以用作表语的常见过去分词有delighted,disappointed,upset,astonished,excited,frightened,experienced,interested,qualified,puzzled,exhausted,satisfied等。2过去分词可以作宾语补足语。(1)表示感觉和心理状况的动词:think,hear,feel,see,watch等。如:I have never heard this song sung in English.我从来没有听到这首歌用英语唱过。(2)使役动词:get,let,make,help等。如:He ma
15、de it known to everyone that he was right.他使每个人都明白他是对的。3过去分词作定语。(1)分词可以作前置定语,此时,分词与名词之间有两种语意关系:一种是不及物动词的过去分词表示主动意义;一种是及物动词的过去分词表示被动意义。如:He is a retired worker.他是一个退休工人。This is a newlydeveloped device.这是一个新开发的工具。(2)过去分词作后置定语时,其功能相当于一个定语从句。She likes to drink cold boiled water.她喜欢喝凉开水。(3)表示条件Watered on
16、ce a day,the flower will grow very well.如果每天浇一次水,这花会长得很好。(4)表示伴随状况He stood there,fascinated by the singing.他站在那里,被歌声所吸引。在句子深层结构中,过去分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如果过去分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,过去分词短语的逻辑主语则需要用独立结构表达出来,这就是我们通常所说的独立主格结构。如:The question settled,they left for home.问题解决了,他们就回家了。解析句子的主语是Barbicane,decided to cont
17、inue to.是谓语部分,中间部分是独立主格结构。由于peace和declare之间为动宾关系,故用被动语态;又因为declare的动作先于decided to continue发生,故选C项。答案C2分析句子结构,确定正确形式。做题时,如果遇到对动词形式的考查,要按照以下步骤解题:(1)分析句子结构,确定设空在句子中充当的成分(如状语、定语或宾补);(2)找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动);(3)搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式;(4)将该选项置于空中,看能否做到字从意顺,是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。例如:_well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.ADo BDoingCDone DBeing done解析句子缺少主语,所以此处用动名词作主语,即Doing well in an interview是句子的主语,其他选项都不能充当主语,所以这里选B项。答案B温示提馨请做:课时作业(48)课时作业堂堂清(点击进入)