1、Section Warming Up & ReadingComprehending 阅读理解ARecently my family travelled to southern Africa for three weeks. We had a specific purpose for this trip: to spend time with our son serving in an organization that helps with projects in Namibia.After travelling through Namibia, we ended in Cape Town,
2、South Africa. There, I was struck by a message on a tourist bus: “Go places. Prosper.” To prosper not only relates to financial success, but includes engaging in activities that open minds and hearts.The good news is that Americans travel internationally more than we often think, and international t
3、ravel continues to increase. But unfortunately, the destinations tend to be places where we are not challenged by differences in culture or lifestyle: 55 percent travel to Canada or Mexico, while less than one percent go to Africa.In Cape Town, we stayed at a couples home. Living in their home gave
4、us insight into their daytoday lives. Their books and decor revealed their religious background, language and interests. One of our Uber drivers was from Zimbabwe and shared stories about his struggles to make ends meet in his country, and his hopes of making a life in South Africa. While in Namibia
5、 we spent several days with our sons host family. His Namibian parents are both educators, with several children, and they have become close to our son. We ate “braai”traditional Namibian grilled meatand shared our hopes for the future.We prospered for sure. Every day we experienced new dialects, ar
6、omas(芳香), and trials and tribulations(磨难)In the end, we came to understand not only the differences between us and others, but more importantly the humanity that connects us with others: the importance of family, the aspirations(渴望) for a good future, and the mutual goodwill we shared with those we
7、met.【解题导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者自己的南非旅行说明旅游可以加深我们对不同文化的理解，从而有助于建立更和谐、美好的世界。1Whats the authors main purpose in taking this trip?ATo do sightseeing.BTo accompany his son.CTo do some volunteer work.DTo go back to his own country.B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的to spend time with our son可知，作者去纳米比亚是为了陪伴儿子。2What can we infer
8、 about the author according to Paragraph 4?AHe really appreciated the lifestyle adopted by the couple in Cape Town.BHe felt it very difficult to understand the local language.CHe intended to help the Uber driver get out of trouble.DHe get on well with his sons host family in Namibia.D解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中
9、的We ate “braai”traditional Namibian grilled meatand shared our hopes for the future.可知，作者与儿子在纳米比亚的寄宿家庭相处融洽。3What can be the best title for this passage?AChoosing a Good Destination for Your TravelBFamily Travel can Bring a Lot of FunCBuilding a Better World Through Travelling AbroadDInternational Tr
10、avel Continues to IncreaseC解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者通过自己的南非旅行说明旅游可以加深不同文化之间的理解，建立更和谐、美好的世界，所以Building a Better World Through Travelling Abroad作文章标题最合适。B“We found that immigrants begin losing their native microbes(微生物) almost immediately after arriving in the US and then acquire microbes that are more commo
11、n in EuropeanAmerican people，” says senior author Dan Knights, a biologist at the University of Minnesota. “But the new microbes arent enough to make up for the loss of the native microbes, so we see a big overall loss of diversity. It has been shown before that people in developing nations have a m
12、uch greater diversity.”The research was inspired by Minnesotas large community of immigrants from Southeast Asia, particularly the Hmong and Karen peoples, ethnic minorities from China and Burma.“Obesity was a concern that was coming up a lot for the Hmong and Karen communities here. In other studie
13、s, the microbiome(微生物菌群) had been related to obesity, so we wanted to know if there was potentially a relationship in immigrants and if we can make any findings relevant and available to the communities，” says first author Pajau Vangay.The researchers did find that significant changes happened that
14、fast: in those first six to nine months after peoples immigration, the Western microbes began to supersede the nonWestern ones. But this westernization also continued to happen over the course of the first decade in the US, and the overall microbiome diversity decreased when the immigrants had been
15、longer in the US. The participants food logs suggested that eating a more Western diet played a role but couldnt explain all the changes.Although the research didnt establish a causeandeffect relationship between the microbiome changes in immigrants and the immigrant obesity, it did show a correlati
16、on: greater westernization of the microbiome was associated with greater obesity.Knights believes that the research has a lot to tell us about our health. “We do see that westernization of the microbiome is associated with obesity in immigrants, so this could be an interesting avenue for future rese
17、arch into treatment of obesity, both in immigrants and potentially in the broader population.”【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，东南亚人移民到美国后他们身上的微生物群发生了改变。4What can we know from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?AWesternization in lifestyle is responsible for obesity.BObese people lose their native microbes after immigra
18、tion.CImmigrants microbes disappear shortly after immigration.DThere may be many obese Hmong and Karen immigrants in Minnesota.D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的Obesity was a concern that was coming up a lot for the Hmong and Karen communities here.可知，明尼苏达州可能存在很多肥胖的苗族和凯伦移民。5What does the underlined word “supersede”
19、in Paragraph 3 mean?ARebuild.BReplace.CImprove. DCopy.B解析：词义猜测题。结合第一段中的that immigrants begin losing their native microbes(微生物)及第三段中的The researchers did find that significant changes happened that fast.and the overall microbiome diversity decreased when the immigrants had been longer in the US.可知，sup
20、ersede是“取代，替代”。6In the last paragraph, Knights wants to stress _Athe disadvantages of immigrationBthe partial value of the research Cthe influence of westernizationDthe hidden dangers of obesityB解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中Knights的谈话内容可推知，Knights此处主要强调了此项研究对治疗肥胖的价值。CThe hardest memorization task I ever had was
21、to give an 18minute TEDx talk from memory. I remember struggling with remembering the exact words. Then I remembered the “production effect”， which is a way to strengthen memory by actually forcing the recall in the appropriate setting. In other words, I needed to rehearse(排练) by actually giving the
22、 speech in front of a mirror.The usual thing we think of about improving memory is the need for rehearsal, especially the kind of rehearsal where you force recall after the initial learning. But another more effective way is to strengthen the memory at the time of learning by speaking it, singing it
23、, drawing it in some way. Writing by hand or typing the information also strengthens memory, and studies have shown that handwriting is more effective than typing. Any of these approaches is much more effective than silent reading, viewing, or listening.Why this works to improve memory probably rela
24、tes to the fact that more attentiveness and processing are required in production than in just silent reading or listening. One common explanation is that production makes each item more characteristic. That is, by saying it, drawing it, or whatever, the item acquires more features and becomes more
25、characteristic.As far as I know, the production effect has been studied only with respect to rote memory(remember something by repeating it rather than understanding its meaning) tasks. I think that it would be even more powerful if applied when using mnemonics(记忆术). For example, if you are using th
26、e “memory palace”， as you mentally place an item to be memorized on a room object in your minds eye, you might actually describe aloud what you are imagining. The production effect should also be useful during forced retrieval(检索) rehearsals as well. Anytime you retrieve a memory item, it is an oppo
27、rtunity to relearn it. So, if you speak, draw, or use another production effect during forced recall, you further strengthen the encoding and subsequent consolidation.【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要说明了“加工效应”在增强记忆中的应用。7How does the author introduce the topic?ABy listing some figures.BBy coming straight to the poin
28、t.CBy citing his personal experience.DBy using quotes from famous people.C解析：推理判断题。第一段中作者通过自己的亲身经历引出本文话题。8Which method is most probably recommended by the author to strengthen memory?AReading and listening silently at the time of learning.BWriting down the information at the time of learning.CRehear
29、sing the information at spaced intervals.DTyping the information to learn.B解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的But another more effective way .by speaking it, singing it, drawing it in some way. 以及下文中的 .studies have shown that handwriting is more effective than typing.可知，在选项提到的四种方法中，在学习时用笔记下所学信息是作者最赞成的方法。9In Paragraph
30、3, the author mainly tells us _Athe situations in which the production effect can be usedBthe difference between silent reading and listeningCthe relation between memorization and attentionDthe reasons why the production effect is usefulD解析：段落大意题。通读第三段可知，第三段中作者主要解释了“加工效应”为何有效。10What can we know abou
31、t the “production effect” according to the last paragraph?AIt works merely when you take notes.BIt is mainly suitable for scholars and lecturers.CIt should be used more widely in improving memory.DIt includes three steps: rote memory, mnemonics and retrieval rehearsals.C解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的As far as I k
32、now, the production effect .I think that it would be even more powerful.以及下文中的The production effect should also be useful during forced retrieval(检索) rehearsals as well.可知，作者认为“加工效应”应该被广泛应用于加强记忆。 七选五An elevator can be an uncomfortable environment when the riders do not observe the basic rules of com
33、mon politeness. Good elevator etiquette(礼仪) is mostly common sense. 1._ As always, the best rule is to treat others as you would like to be treated.Boarding an elevator etiquette means that you should wait until everyone who is getting off has left the elevator before you step inside. You should not
34、 try to block the doors of the elevator to hold them open. 2._While in an elevator, you shouldnt eat, smoke, or talk on your cell phone. 3._ If you have to strike up a conversation with someone, keep the topic neutral(中立的), and your tone of voice low. If other people in the elevator seem annoyed or
35、upset by your conversation, you may want to change the topic or quiet down.If you are trapped in the back of a crowded elevator and you need to get off, call out “my floor” to warn other riders to the fact that you wish to get off. 4._ If you see someone struggling to get off an elevator, you may wa
36、nt to step out to make room, and then step back in.5_ Usually as long as you make a goodfaith effort to stay out of the way, you will not upset anyone. If you arent certain about whether or not a behavior is appropriate in an elevator, ask yourself how comfortable you would be if someone else in the
37、 elevator did it first.AStay in the front if you plan to get off soon.BThis behavior is rude and potentially dangerous.CThen move slowly but firmly through the crowd.DMany people prefer to ride an elevator in silence.EIn short, always keep everyone comfortable on an elevator.FBut being aware of it w
38、ill make your elevator rides more comfortable.GIt is polite to stand as close to a wall or corner as possible to make room for other riders.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了乘坐电梯的几个注意事项。1F解析：此空设于段中，与上文存在逻辑上的指代关系，该句中的it指的是前一句中的Good elevator etiquette。2B解析：此空设于段尾，与上文存在逻辑上的指代关系，该句中的This behavior指的是前一句中的try to block the doors of the elevator to hold them open。3D解析：此空设于段中，与上一句内容存在因果关系，说明很多人乘坐电梯时更愿意保持安静。4C解析：此空设于段中，与上一句构成递进关系，说明当你想从电梯人群中挤出来时要慢但要有力。5E解析：此空设于段首，是本段主题句，同时，本段是一个总结段，主要强调乘坐电梯时务必让其他乘客感到舒服，下文中的not upset anyone等都是对该主题句的具体阐释。
