1、Defining and Non-defining Relative ClausesObjectivesBy the end of this period,you will be able to:discover the differences between defining and non-defining relative clauses as well as their rules.write a short passage,using defining and non-defining relative clauses.Read the text and find out as ma
2、ny relative clauses as you can.1)he travelled across Europe and Asia with his fatherhe travelled across Europe and Asia with his father,who wanted to do trade with the Chinese.（Line 2）2)He was impressed by Beijing and the emperors palace,He was impressed by Beijing and the emperors palace,especially
3、 the Summer Palaceespecially the Summer Palace which he described as“The greatest palace that ever was”（Line 13）3)There were inventions and developments in ChinaThere were inventions and developments in China which were not available in Europe at that time.（Line16）4)Marco was lucky enough to meet an
4、other prisonerMarco was lucky enough to meet another prisoner whoenjoyed listening to his stories about China.（Line 27）5)The prisoner then wrote a book called The Description of the The prisoner then wrote a book called The Description of the World,World,which became one of the best selling books in
5、 Europe.（Line 30）6)“Was it all true?”,Was it all true?”,to which he replied,“I have only told half of what I saw!”（Line 35）Find out the word(s)that the clause refers to in each sentence.1)he travelled across Europe and Asia with his father,who wanted to do trade with the Chinese.（Line 2）2)He was imp
6、ressed by Beijing and the emperors palace,especially the Summer Palace which he described as“The greatest palace that ever was”（Line 13）3)There were inventions and developments in China which were not available in Europe at that time.（Line16）4)Marco was lucky enough to meet another prisoner whoenjoy
7、ed listening to his stories about China.（Line 27）5)The prisoner then wrote a book called The Description of the World,which became one of the best selling books in Europe.（Line 30）6)“Was it all true?”,to which he replied,“I have only told half of what I saw!”（Line 35）his fatherthe Summer Palaceinven
8、tions and developmentsanother prisonerThe Descriptionof the World,“Was it all true?”,Observe the two groups of sentences carefully.Can you find the difference between them in formsin forms?2)He was impressed by Beijing and the emperors palace,especially He was impressed by Beijing and the emperors p
9、alace,especially the the Summer PalaceSummer Palace which he described as“The greatest palace which he described as“The greatest palace that ever was”that ever was”3)There were There were inventions and developmentsinventions and developments in Chinain China which were which were not available in E
10、urope at that timenot available in Europe at that time.4)Marco was lucky enough to meet Marco was lucky enough to meet another prisoneranother prisoner who enjoyed who enjoyed listening to his stories about Chinalistening to his stories about China.1)he travelled across Europe and Asia with he trave
11、lled across Europe and Asia with his fatherhis father,who wanted who wanted to do trade with the Chineseto do trade with the Chinese.5)The prisoner then wrote a book called The prisoner then wrote a book called The Description of the The Description of the WorldWorld,which became one of the best sel
12、ling books in Europe.which became one of the best selling books in Europe.6)“Was it all true?”Was it all true?”,to which he replied,“I have only told half to which he replied,“I have only told half of what I saw!”of what I saw!”There is a comma before the clause.No comma before the clause.SUMMARY-1外
13、在表现形式不同Defining clausesDefining clauses Non-defining Non-defining clausesclausesIn formsDifferences between defining and non-defining relative clauses:no comma before no comma before the clausethe clauseThere is a comma There is a comma before the clausebefore the clause对比2.Professor Wang has a son,
14、who works inBeijing.1.Professor Wang has a son who works in Beijing.王教授有一个儿子，在北京工作。王教授有个在北京工作的儿子。第一组A.The old man has a son,who is in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第二组A.My younger brother who is 18 years old is a college student.B.My younger brother,who is 18 years old,is a col
15、lege student.第一组A.The old man has a son,who is in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第一组：A中的从句是非限制性定语从句，是对先行词的补充说明。整个句子的意思是：这位老人有一个儿子，在部队工作。（隐含的意义：只有一个儿子）B中的从句是限制性定语从句，作用是对先行词son进行限定、修饰。整个句子的意思是：这位老人有个在部队工作的儿子。（隐含的意思：也许还有其他的儿子，在干别的工作）第二组A.My younger brother who is 18 years old is a
16、college student.B.My younger brother,who is 18 years old,is a college student.第二组：虽然两句的表达顺序完全相同，但是由于停顿和语调的变化，造成的定语从句与主句关系的紧密程度发生变化。A句可以翻译成：我18岁的那个弟弟是大学生。从句是限制性定语从句，是限定性定语从句限定了先行词的意义，明确是18岁的那个弟弟（而不是其他的，即有可能还有几个弟弟）。B可以翻译成：我弟弟是大学生，今年18岁。1.I have a sister who works in a hospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。（不只一位姐姐）2.I
17、 have a sister,who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。（只有一位姐姐）3.He has a brother,who lives in Beijing他有一个哥哥,住在北京.（只有一位哥哥）More examples:4.He has a brother who lives in Beijing.他有一个住在北京的哥哥（不只一位哥哥）Which of the clauses give:information to identify the persons/objects?extra information about a person or a
18、 thing,which can be left out?1)he travelled across Europe and Asia with he travelled across Europe and Asia with his fatherhis father,who wanted to do trade with the Chinese.（Line 2）2)He was impressed by Beijing and the emperors palace,especially He was impressed by Beijing and the emperors palace,e
19、specially the the Summer PalaceSummer Palace which he described as“The greatest palace thatever was”（Line 13）3)There were There were inventions and developmentsinventions and developments in China in China which were not available in Europe at that time.（Line16）4)Marco was lucky enough to meet Marco
20、 was lucky enough to meet another prisoneranother prisoner who enjoyed listening to his stories about China.（Line 27）5)The prisoner then wrote a book called The prisoner then wrote a book called The Description of the WorldThe Description of the World,which became one of the best selling books in Eu
21、rope.（Line 30）6)“Was it all true?”,Was it all true?”,to which he replied,“I have only told half of what I saw!”（Line 352 3 41 5 6 限制性定语从句:是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整.而非限制性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明,关系不是十分紧密,省去对主句没有多大影响.Non-restrictive attributive clause:A clause that adds extra information to the man clause
22、 of a sentence.SUMMARY-2在句中作用不同 PRACTICEPair work:Please finish Ex.6 on Page27 with your partner.There hasnt been any news about him since he left home,which upsets me.自从他离开家后就没有他的任何消息，这使我很不安。在这里，which 引导的从句，代表前面的整个主句。此时，不能放在主句之前观察运用非限制性定语从句的情况当关系词指代整个主句内容时The boy was away from home for a week,which
23、 worried his parents very much.小男孩离家一个星期了，这使他的父母很担心The book is very touching,as most readers say.正如大多数读者所说的，这本书很感人。Taiwan belongs to China，as everybody knows.As is known to us,Taiwan belongs to China.众所周知，台湾属于中国。在这里，as 引导的定语从句，代表整个主句，可以放在主句之前或之后，as 在从句中作宾语或主语。as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别 当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；
24、反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。e.g.He made a long speech,as we expected.He made a long speech,which was unexpected.当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。e.g.Tom drinks a lot every day,which his wife doesnt like at all.Jinan,which is a nice city,attracts many visitors every day.济南是美丽的城市，每天吸引了很多的游客。John Smith,who was my forme
25、r teacher,retired last year.约翰史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时。小结限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句意义上功能上结构上1.从句与主句的关系相对松散，从句用于补充主句的内容和信息，2.去掉从句不影响句意的完整。修饰先行词或整个句子1.主句，从句之间多用逗号隔开2.关系词不可以省略3.不能用that引导4.翻译时先译主句再译从句修饰先行词1.没有停顿，主句与从句之间不用逗号2.关系词若作从句的宾语，可省略.3.可用that 引导4.翻译时先翻译从句在翻译主句1.从句与主句关系紧凑，从句对先行词起修饰限定作用2.缺少从句会影
26、响句意的完整。PRACTICEPair work:Please finish Ex.7 on Page27 with your partner.PRACTICEPair work:Please complete the following four sentences with your partner.Try to use non-defining clauses.J.k.Rowling is a famous English author,J.k.Rowling is a famous English author,English has become the worlds interna
27、tional language,English has become the worlds international language,The Long March ended in Yanan,The Long March ended in Yanan,The 2008 Olympics was successfully held in Beijing,The 2008 Olympics was successfully held in Beijing,LANGUAGE IN USEHave you ever taken an adventure?If so,write a short p
28、assage about it.If youve never taken any adventure,please write about one that you have read or heard about.Dont forget to use relative clauses in your passage.用定语从句挑战高考原题（浙江2005）Jim passed the driving test,_ surprised everybody in the office.A.which B.that C.this D.it（浙江2005）_ I explained on the ph
29、one,your request will be considered at the next meeting.A.When B.After C.As D.Since（浙江2006）I was given three books on cooking,the first _ I really enjoyed.A.of that B.of which C.that D.whichACB（浙江2007）Chans restaurant on Baker Street,_ used to be poorly run,is now a successful business.A.that B.whic
30、h C.who D.where（浙江2008）Yesterday she sold her car,_ she bought a month ago.A.when B.where C.that D.which（浙江2009）The young man weve just talked to is a traveler _ parents visited us last year.A.that B.whose C.whom D.whichBBD1)Polish your passage.2)Learn Grammar Summary 4 on P93.3)Finish Exx.3&6 on P70-71.
