1、专题1 第2讲A阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(2020北京市高考适应性测试)Growing up，Deka Ismail says she let labels define what she could be.“I was a black girl，from a refugee (难民) family，” Deka said.“It was as if I was only allowed to explore in this predetermined box.”After a high school chemistry class inspired
2、her to think about a career in science and gave her confidence in the field，Deka learned to live outside labels and began making big plans for her future.Now she is about to begin her freshman year at the University of California，planning to become a professor.Born and raised in San Diegos City Heig
3、hts neighborhood，Deka is the daughter of a Somali refugee couple.While some might say Dekas success happened in spite of her background，she would say differently，that her experiences shaped her and inspired her to be the driven，young scientist that she is today.When Deka was eight years old，her moth
4、er got a job by studying hard back in school in order to support the whole family.That made Deka realize that education could make a difference to ones life.She spent a lot of time in the library reading books，and didnt do many of the things her peers did，like partying or having romantic relationshi
5、ps.“I always felt like I had to be the perfect girl for my family，” Deka said.“You have to not even do your best but two times better than everyone else.I felt like the whole world was waiting for me to mess up.”Dekas efforts paid off.The summer before her senior year of high school，she was accepted
6、 to the American Chemical Society Project SEED Programme.“She brought both enthusiasm and focus，” Botham，a researcher at this research institute，recalled.“She arrived every day ready to work，ready to learn and ready to tackle new challenges regardless of whether or not she had done anything similar.
7、”When asked what advice she would give to others like her，Deka warned them not to underestimate themselves.“Dont tell yourself that scholarship is too big or this programme is too competitive or Ill never get into this school，” she said.“I was not sure whether I could make it until I started seeing
8、the acceptance letters rolling in.”1From the passage，we can learn that .ADeka was adopted by a refugee familyBDeka spent a lot of time going to partiesCDeka became a professor after graduationDDekas experiences drove her to work hard 2Deka realized the importance of education .Afrom her mothers expe
9、rienceBafter her chemistry classCby reading books in the libraryDthrough working at the institute 3According to the last paragraph，Deka advised that students be .ApatientBconfidentCambitiousDgenerous 4What does the story intend to tell us?ALife is not all roses.BPractice makes perfect.CWell begun is
10、 half done.DHard work leads to success.【答案】1.D2.A3.B4.D【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了索马里难民Deka Ismail通过改变自己不断努力，终于成功考进加利福尼亚大学的成长经历。1细节理解题。由第三段“While some might say Dekas success happened in spite of her background，she would say differently，that her experiences shaped her and inspired her to be the driven，young
11、 scientist that she is today.”可知，虽然有些人可能会说Deka尽管有那样的背景还是成功了，但她会有不同看法。她的经历塑造了她，并激励她成为今天这样一个有干劲的年轻科学家。 由此可知，Deka的这些经历塑造了她并且激励了她。故选D项。2细节理解题。由第四段中的“When Deka was eight years old，her mother got a job by studying hard back in school in order to support the whole family.That made Deka realize that educati
12、on could make a difference to ones life.”可知，当Deka八岁的时候，她的母亲通过在学校努力学习找到了一份工作，以支持整个家庭。这让Deka意识到教育可以改变一个人的生活。 由此可知，母亲的经历让她明白教育的重要性。故选A项。3推理判断题。由最后一段中的“When asked what advice she would give to others like her，Deka warned them not to underestimate themselves.”可知，当被问及她会给像她这样的人什么建议时，Deka提醒他们不要低估自己。由此可知，Dek
13、a建议大家不要低估自己，要相信自己，要有信心。故选B项。4推理判断题。结合文章大意：难民身份的Deka经过自己的努力终于获得成功，以及她分享的自己经历和给他人的建议：不低估自己，要有信心。由此可知这篇文章是想告诉我们：要相信自己，不断努力，终将会取得成功。故选D项。B阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(2020广州大学附属中学高三线上测试)It has been discovered that after the age of sixteen，the number of our brain cells begins to decrease at a speed
14、of several million a year.They simply die off.In certain types of activity，the human brain is at its highest point in the early twenties，when it has collected enough information to be able to use the vast number of cells freely in the most effective way.Pure mathematics is one of the fields in which
15、 this happens，and we know that Albert Einstein made all his world-shaking discoveries between the age of about 20 and 25，and spent the rest of his life tidying them up and arranging them.But in certain other types of activity (of which being an author is perhaps one)，experience is more important tha
16、n sharpness of brain，and there one usually finds that a person reaches his or her peak much later in life.Besides sharpness of brain and experience，here is another thing that is very important，and that is wisdom.One can have a very quick，inventive brain and plenty of experience，but if one uses these
17、 foolishly，one harms both oneself and others.Wisdom does not always come with agethere are plenty of foolish middle-aged people aboutbut the average person tends to learn wisdom as he gets older，usually by making painful of embarrassing mistakes.Learning to be wise is basically learning what is not
18、possible ; and what is possible but so difficult that it is not worth all the trouble one has to go through to get there.Mostly，it is learning about human nature ; how real people behave and react，as against how one would like them to behave and react.One can read and hear lots of idealistic stuff a
19、bout how to make the world a better place，which would be found if it was based on an accurate observation of human nature，but which is basically a waste of time because it is not.5According to the writer，the great discoveries made by Albert Einstein were mainly a result in .Ayears of hard workBsharp
20、ness of the brainCrich experienceDhis deep understanding of the nature6Some people achieve success much later in life because .Atheir work often requires much experienceBthey do not have a chance to show their talentsCthey have to learn lessons from failuresDthey fail to realize earlier the importan
21、ce of hard work7The importance of wisdom lies in the fact that .Ait helps to avoid various mistakesBit contributes to ones creativityCit encourages one to go forward in face of difficultyDit provides the right direction of efforts8The writer came to believe that .Ait is always a waste of time to mak
22、e plans about the futureBit is human nature to make attempts on what looks impossibleCone should always challenge the impossible to push the society forwardDone has to use wisdom in deciding what is the best thing to do【答案】5.B6.A7.D8.D【解析】本文为说明文。本篇文章主要说明了人类的大脑在20岁左右处于巅峰，在以后的成就多数是因为需要丰富的经验。除了头脑敏锐和经验丰
23、富外，智慧也非常重要，因为智慧为人们提供了正确的努力方向。人们要用智慧来决定做什么才是最好的。5推理判断题。根据第一段可知，在某些类型的活动中，人类的大脑在20岁早期处于巅峰状态，我们知道阿尔伯特爱因斯坦在20到25岁之间做出了所有震惊世界的发现，用余生来整理和安排这些发现。这更是印证了人类大脑在20年代初达到了巅峰(the human brain is at its highest point)，由此可推断出，本段主要研究人类大脑巅峰期(大脑的最敏锐)。B项中的sharpness of the brain(大脑最敏锐)与本段第三句中“the human brain is at its hig
24、hest point”是同义词的关系。故选B。6推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在某些其他类型的活动中(作家可能是其中一种)，经验比头脑的敏捷更重要，人们通常会发现一个人在他一生的晚期才达到顶峰。由此可推断出有些人在晚年取得成功是因为他们的工作中往往需要很多经验。分析选项可知A符合题意。故选A。7推理判断题。第三段“Besides sharpness of brain and experience，here is another thing that is very important，and that is wisdom.Learning to be wise is basically lear
25、ning what is not possible; and what is possible but so difficult that it is not worth all the trouble one has to go through to get there.Mostly，it is learning about human nature；how real people behave and react，as against how one would like them to behave and react.”除了敏锐的头脑和丰富的经验外，还有一件事是非常重要的，那就是智慧。
26、学习成为智者，要基本的了解什么是不可能的；学习有可能但又很困难的东西，以至于不值得一个人为了达到目的而付出所有的努力。最重要的是了解人性，了解真实的人是如何行为和反应的，以及人们希望他们如何行为和反应的。由此可推断出智慧的重要性在于智慧能让人知道什么可做，什么不能做，即为人提供正确的努力方向。分析选项可知D项符合题意。故选D。8推理判断题。根据最后一段“Learning to be wise is basically learning what is not possible；and what is possible but so difficult that it is not worth
27、all the trouble one has to go through to get there.Mostly，it is learning about human nature；how real people behave and react，as against how one would like them to behave and react.One can read and hear lots of idealistic stuff about how to make the world a better place，which would be found if it was
28、 based on an accurate observation of human nature，”成为智者，要大体上知道什么是不可能的。学习有可能但又如此困难的东西，以至于不值得一个人为了达到目的而付出所有的努力。最重要的是学习人性，了解真实的人是如何行为和反应的，以及人们希望他们如何行为和反应的。人们可以读到和听到很多关于如何使世界变得更美好的理想主义的东西由此可推断出聪明的人必须运用智慧来决定最好要做什么事。分析选项可知D项符合题意。故选D。C阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(2020北京市海淀区高三一模)In college，I was taught
29、 an elegant theory of chemical combination based on excess electrons going into holes in the orbital shell of a neighbouring atom.But what about diatomic compounds like oxygen gas? Dont ask；students arent ready to know.In physics，in biology，in any other science classes，students frequently get that a
30、nswer too.Its time to trust students to handle doubt and diversity in science.Actually，students are starting to act.They have shamed their seniors into including more diverse contributors as faculty members and role models.Young scholars rudely ask their superiors why they fail to address the extinc
31、tion crises clarified by their research.The inherited authoritarian political structures of science education are becoming lamebut still remain largely unchanged from the old school days.A narrow，rigid education does not prepare anyone for the complexities of scientific research，applications and pol
32、icy.If we discourage students from inquiring into the real nature of scientific truths，or exploring how society shapes the questions that researchers ask how can we prepare them to maintain public trust in science in our “post-truth” world? Diversity and doubt produce creativity：we must make room fo
33、r them，and stop guiding future scientists into narrow specialties that value technique over thought.In science，even foundational building blocks can be questioned.The unifying patterns of the periodic table are now questioned under closer examination.Some scientists now wonder whether the concept of
34、 biological “species” contributes more confusion than insight，and whether it should therefore be abandoned.However，such a decision would affect conservation policy，in which identification of endangered species is crucialso it is not just an issue for basic science.Science students generally remain u
35、naware that concepts such as elements and species are contested or are even contestable.In school，college and beyond，curricula highlight the technical and hide the reflective.Public arguments among scientists often presume that every problem has just one solution.Nonetheless，uncertain advice on comp
36、lex issues should be a warning that，from a future perspective，todays total scientific consensus on some policy issue might have been the result of stubbornness，a conflict of interest or worse.Just as a healthy democracy accommodates dissent and dissonance，the collective consciousness of science woul
37、d do well to embrace doubt and diversity.This could start with teaching science as a great，flawed，ongoing human achievement，rather than as a collection of cut-and-dried eternal (永久的)truths.I recall a legendary chemistry professor who was not skilful at getting classroom demonstrations to workbut dis
38、cussing what went wrong helped his students to thrive.A mathematician friend let pupils discuss every statement in the textbook until all were satisfied.They did very well in exams，and taught themselves when he was absent.Treating people at all levels as committed thinkers，whose asking teaches us al
39、l，is the key to tackling the challenges to science in the post-trust age.9The problem of current science training is that .Astudents cannot become specialistsBit goes against established science educationCstudents lose trust in their teachers and professorsDit fails to provide students with what the
40、y need in future10The periodic table is mentioned to prove that .Aeven the widely accepted can be challengedBstudents are generally ignorant of scienceCmost previous researches are out of date Dscience has been developing with time11It can be learnt from the passage that .Astudents may be more innov
41、ative if they are allowed to doubtBscience students do not contest elements or speciesCstudents should not trust established scienceDdiversity prevents progress in science12Which of the following statements best represents the writers opinion?AOur curricula highlight the technical and hide the refle
42、ctive.BScience should be a collection of cut-and-dried eternal truths.CTeachers should treat people at all levels as committed thinkers.DThe concept of biological species brings more confusion than insight.【答案】9.D10.A11.A12.C【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了在科学领域，我们要信任学生来处理科学中的怀疑和多样性，多样性和怀疑产生创造力，如果我们不鼓励学生探究科学真理的真实本
43、质，或者不鼓励他们探索社会如何塑造研究人员提出的问题，那么我们如何让他们做好准备，在我们的“后真理”世界里保持公众对科学的信任。9推理判断题。由第一段最后两句“Dont ask；students arent ready to know.In physics，in biology，in any other science classes，students frequently get that answer too.”(别问，学生们还没准备好知道。在物理学、生物学、任何其他科学课上，学生也经常得到这个答案。)，第三段第一句“A narrow，rigid education does not pr
44、epare anyone for the complexities of scientific research，applications and policy.”(狭隘、僵化的教育不能使任何人为科学研究、应用和政策的复杂性做好准备。)，可知当前科学培训的问题在于它不能为学生提供他们未来进行科学研究所需要的东西。故选D项。10细节理解题。由第四段中的“In science，even foundational building blocks can be questioned.The unifying patterns of the periodic table are now question
45、ed under closer examination.”(在科学领域，甚至基础的构成要素也可能受到质疑。现在元素周期表的统一模式正在更仔细的检查下被质疑。)，说明元素周期表即使是被广泛接受的，也可能会被质疑。故选A项。11推理判断题。第三段最后一句“Diversity and doubt produce creativity：we must make room for them，and stop guiding future scientists into narrow specialties that value technique over thought.”(多样性和怀疑产生创造力：我
46、们必须为它们腾出空间，并停止引导未来的科学家进入狭隘的专业领域，即重视技术而不是思想。)，可推断出如果允许学生怀疑，学生可能更具创新性。故选A项。12观点态度题。由最后一段最后一句“Treating people at all levels as committed thinkers，whose asking teaches us all，is the key to tackling the challenges to science in the post-trust age.”(把所有层次的人都当作坚定的思考者，他们的询问教会了我们所有人，这是在后信任时代应对科学挑战的关键。)，可知教师应
47、该把所有层次的人看作是坚定的思考者，这能最好描述符合作者观点。故选C项。D阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(2020北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三6月三模)Video chat is now the go-to outlet for many social distancers longing for social interaction.But having a successful fete isnt only a question of hopping on camera with friends and kicking off.Social grace
48、 is a big part of a successful virtual partyand etiquette doesnt go out the door just because youre in your pajamas in front of a camera.Introduce everyone to the groupGone are the days during which you can introduce yourself to new people at your leisure.Instead，the second you click Join Meeting，yo
49、ure pushed in front of potentially dozens of faces staring straight at you.This is particularly problematic if not everyone on the call knows each otherZoom itself recommends short ice-breaking sessions for everyone to introduce themselves on meetings.“I like to use the wait room，” says Tamiko Zabli
50、th，founder of Minding Manners International.“For security reasons，it means outsiders dont come crashing into your meeting.But also，you can let people come in one at a time，and then you can take that time to introduce them to the group as well.”Learn the art of the pauseAnother wildly confusing thing
51、 about Zoom parties：everyone has to talk one at a time.Theres no chance for small groups to organically form，for joking talk to fill a room，or for guests to talk at the same time.The whole group，no matter how large，can only listen to one person at a time.Thats why putting pauses in your speech is cr
52、itical，especially since low internet speeds or weird audio may mean its easy for someone to talk over someone else，drowning out what they have to say to the group.“If the internet is a bit unreliable，you have those unstable signals.If I keep rambling，and the other person starts，theres that delay，” s
53、ays Zablith.“Work those pauses into your conversation.”Know when to change backgroundsUsing Zooms backgrounds can actually be a courtesy to eliminate distractions behind you.Hiding those dirty dishes or pizza boxes，or obscuring other members of the household coming and going，eliminates distractions
54、and makes the other people feel like theyre getting your full attention.“Wouldnt it be better if that distraction just wasnt there？” Zablith says，pointing to the advantage of virtual backgrounds being able to hide anything unsightly behind you.For others，virtual backgrounds also provide a sense of c
55、omfort or normalcy to the audience.13According to the passage，which of the following is considered impolite?ATo introduce everyone individually to the group.BTo use virtual backgrounds to avoid distraction.CTo put several pauses in your online speech.DTo keep silent when joining in the meeting.14Acc
56、ording to Tamiko Zablith， .AInternet speed matters little in Zoom partiesBthe wait room makes it easy to introduce everybodyCfor some，real room background has a comforting effectDpauses in speakers conversation may delay the conference15What is the purpose of the passage?ATo attract more people to u
57、se Zoom.BTo explain how to maintain social manners.CTo offer guidance on Zoom social etiquette.DTo compare online meetings with offline ones.【答案】13.D14.B15.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了视频聊天现在是许多渴望社交互动的社交人士的必经之路，但也要注意参加虚拟派对的社交风度，文章给出了一些社交礼仪指导。13推理判断题。由第三段的“This is particularly problematic if not everyone on the
58、 call knows each otherZoom itself recommends short icebreaking sessions for everyone to introduce themselves on meetings.”(如果与会的每个人都不认识对方，这就会产生问题Zoom公司建议大家在会议上做简短的打破僵局的自我介绍。)，可知大家在Zoom party上要进行简短的打破僵局的环节来自我介绍，可推断出参加Zoom party时一直沉默是不礼貌的。故选D项。14细节理解题。由Introduce everyone to the group的“But also，you can
59、 let people come in one at a time，and then you can take that time to introduce them to the group as well.”(但同时，你可以让人们一次一个人进来，然后你也可以花时间把他们介绍给小组其它成员。)，可知等候室很容易介绍每个人。故选B项。15写作意图题。由第一段尾句“Social grace is a big part of a successful virtual partyand etiquette doesnt go out the door just because youre in your pajamas in front of a camera.”(社交风度是成功的虚拟派对的重要组成部分，而礼仪并不是仅仅因为你在摄像机前穿着睡衣就出门了。)和黑体字小标题“Introduce everyone to the group”(把每个人介绍给小组)，“Learn the art of the pause”(学习停顿的艺术)，“Know when to change backgrounds”(知道什么时候改变背景)，可推断出本文的目的在于提供Zoom party的社交礼仪指导。故选C项。
