1、Unit 1 Great scientists reading课时作业第一节（共15小题; 每小题2.5分，满分37.5分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 AFIRE-FIGHTINGHow to fight a fireAnyone who uses fire-extinguishers should know a few basic facts about how to make them work. This leaflet will tell you the most important things to remember if you have
2、to put a fire out.Water extinguishersYou can put most fires out with water extinguishers. However, you should not use water extinguishers if the fire involves electrical equipment or if it has been started by flammable (易燃的) liquids such as petrol.As in all fires, make sure that the wind is behind y
3、ou if you do this, the smoke will blow away from you. Point the jet of water at the bottom of the fire and move it slowly higher.Remember that you should only use extinguishers for small fires. If there is any danger of the fire spreading to anything that can explode, you should not try to put the f
4、ire out yourself. Instead, leave the building immediately, and call the fire brigade.Foam (泡沫) extinguishersYou can use a foam extinguisher for fire caused by burning liquids such as petrol. Never point the jet directly into the liquid itself, as this may make it splash and spread the fire. Instead,
5、 try and point the extinguisher up into the air so that the foam goes up and falls on top of the burning liquid. Whatever the kind of fire, do not stand up straight if you can stay down, this will help you to avoid the smoke, and you may be able to get closer to the fire. Get out of the building at
6、once if you think your escape route might be cut off by smoke or fire. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers Some fire extinguishers are filled with a gas called carbon dioxide. You can use these to put out fires which have been caused either by electrical equipment or flammable liquids. If the fire ha
7、s been caused by electrical equipment, switch the equipment off and point the extinguisher straight at the fire. If the fire has been caused by a liquid like petrol, point the extinguisher at the nearest edge of the fire, and move it from side to side. Remember, never stay in a building if it is dan
8、gerous to do so, or if the fire grows beyond your control. Make sure you are standing near an exit in case this happens.1Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?AYou cannot put all fires out with water extinguishers.BIn case of fire, stay down to protect yourself from
9、the smoke.CIf the fire might cause any further explosion, ask for professional help.DFoam extinguishers are for fires caused by electrical equipment.2What can be inferred from the passage?AInappropriate use of fire extinguishers might make things worse.BYou should stay in the building if your escape
10、 route is cut off.CStanding close to an exit will absolutely guarantee your safety in a fire.DFirefighting is a complicated job that can only be done by fire brigades.3Who is the potential target reader of this passage?AFire fighters.BThe general public.CCollege professors. DYoung children.B Mark Tw
11、ain, the famous American writer, liked to play jokes on others. But once a joke was played on him. One day Mark Twain was invited to give a talk in a small town. At lunch he met a young man, one of his friends.The young man said that he has an uncle with him. He told Twain that his uncle never laugh
12、ed or smiled, and that nobody and nothing was able to make his uncle smile or laugh.You bring your uncle to my talk tonight, said Mark Twain. Im sure I can make him laugh.That evening the young man and his uncle sat in the front. Mark Twain began to speak. He told several funny stories. This made ev
13、eryone in the room laugh.But the man never even smiled. Mark Twain told more funny stories, but the old man still kept quiet. Mark Twain told his funny stories. Finally he stopped. He was tired and quite disappointed(失望的)Some days later, Mark Twain told another friend of his about what had happened.
14、Oh, said his friend. I know that old man. Hes been deaf(聋)for years.4Mark Twain liked to play jokes on_.AhimselfBothersCold menDAmericans5One day Mark Twain met_ at lunch.Aa friendBa young mans uncleCa young girlDa deaf6The young man told Mark Twain that his uncle never_.AspokeBtalkedClaughedDate7Ma
15、rk Twain stopped telling stories at last because he was_.AthirstyBtiredCangryDsleepyCThough it is not good for us to expose ourselves to sunlight for too long, allowing ourselves appropriate amount of exposure to sunlight gives us many benefits and affects us in a number of ways.Without the sun, lif
16、e would not have developed. It gives us energy and heats our world. The sun gives us light and thus in turn we are able to see the beautiful colors in our world. It makes us feel good when we feel the warmth of its rays on our shoulders. We store the energy from the sun to help build and heat our ho
17、uses.Without sunlight we would not be able to survive. Sunlight gives balance. All living things live in a food chain and at the beginning of the food chain comes the plant which absorbs sunlight and transforms light energy into chemical energy, which will then be absorbed by another life to be turn
18、ed into a new kind of energy and so on.One of the benefits that we can get from sunlight is that we can receive vitamin D from sunlight. It helps us to keep a healthy body, control the amount of minerals in the body, which is needed to help keep our bones and teeth in good condition and helps to kee
19、p a well-balanced mind.Different places on the earth receive varying degrees of sunlight, which will decide the regions climate. For example, the farther away it is from the equator (赤道), the sharper the angle (角度) of the suns rays that reach it, which means that sunlight coverage will be more sprea
20、d out, and receive less heat than lower latitude areas nearer the equator.8Why does sunlight give balance?AIt helps to pass energy.BIt helps to absorb energy.CIt helps to form new lives.DIt helps to protect new lives.9Sunlight can assist people in_.Aincreasing the amount of minerals Bobtaining a hea
21、lthy nerve systemCkeeping their bones and teeth healthyDkeeping a delighted mind10Whats the main idea of the last paragraph?AWhich place is the hottest.BHow sunlight affects the climate.CHow to get more sunlight.DHow much sunlight a place needs.11What would be the best title for the text?AAvoid bein
22、g exposed to sunlight too longBFollow the researchers wordsCGood effects of sunlight on our livesDMaking full use of sunlightDIf humans ever hope to live on the Mars, the settlers will need to produce a series of organic compounds (有机化合物), from fuels to drugs, which are too expensive to ship from Ea
23、rth.Chemists from University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have a plan for that.For the past eight years, the researchers have been working on a system combining bacteria and nanowires (细菌和纳米线) that can catch the energy of sunlight to change carbon
24、 dioxide (CO,) and water into building blocks for organic things. Nanowires are thin wires about one-hundredth the width of a human hair, used as electronic parts, and also as solar cells.“On Mars, about 96% of the atmosphere is CO2. Basically, all you need is these nanowires to take in the solar en
25、ergy and pass it on to these bacteria to do the chemistry for you,” said project leader Peidong Yang, professor of chemistry and the S.K. and Angela Chan Distinguished Chair in Energy at UC Berkeley. “For a deep space task, you care about the weight, and biological systems have the advantage that th
26、ey self-reproduce: You dont need to send a lot. Thats why this version is highly attractive.”The only other requirement, besides sunlight, is water, which on Mars is relatively more than enough in the polar ice caps and likely lies frozen underground over most of the planet, said Yang.It works like
27、photosynthesis (光合作用), which plants naturally employ to change CO2 and water into carbon compounds, mostly sugar and carbohydrates. Plants, however, have a quite low efficiency (效率), usually changing less than one-half percent of solar energy into carbon compounds. Yangs system is comparable to the
28、plant that best changes CO2 to sugar, which is 45% efficient.12What is the function of the new biological system?AReducing air pollution on Mars.BCarrying many organic things to Mars.CHelping to produce organic compounds on Mars.DMaking building blocks without sunlight.13Why is the self-reproduction
29、 possible on Mars?ATheres plenty of CO2, water and sunlight on Mars.BMars is much easier to land than other planets.CSpaceship technology has developed a lot.DLots of oxygen was found on Mars.14What can we learn about Yangs system according to the last paragraph?AIt doesnt need carbon dioxide and wa
30、ter.BIt can be replaced by plants in space.CIts efficiency is higher than natural photosynthesiss.DIt functions based on rules different from photosynthesis.15In which part of a newspaper may this text appear?ALife.BScience.CHealth.DEducation.第二节 七选五阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 We all
31、want to go to the gym on a regular basis. But sometimes we cant do it due to various reasons, such as having no enough time or just lacking the motivation. 16 Here are plenty of ways you can stay fit at home. Wear workout clothes at home. When youre not getting ready to go out anywhere, put on cloth
32、es that are suitable for exercising. 17 Thats because theyll keep exercise at the forefront of your mind. 18 Whether youre working on your computer or watching television, get up and move around for 5 to 10 minutes for every hour you sit. Pace around the room, or do 10-20 jumps. Walk as often as pos
33、sible. Many smart phones have built-in activity apps that will also monitor your step count. Use these to see how many steps youre getting in each day. Try to add a few hundred steps each week to gradually become more active. Set a goal for how many steps you want to achieve. 19 Put on your favorite
34、 music and dance. Dancing can be healthy way that gets your heart rate up and your blood pumping. Use slower songs to warm up. Then switch to some faster paced dance music. 20 No, you dont have to be a professional dancer, just have fun moving to the music and improving your fitness at the same time
35、. A. Must you dance perfectly? B. Where can we do exercise regularly? C. Take short fitness breaks when sitting. D. How can we fit exercise into daily life? E. Then challenge yourself to meet that goal, F. Walk around or jump when using smart phones. G. They may encourage you to exercise a little ha
36、rder. 参考答案1 3 DBA 47 BACB 811 ACBC 1215 CACB 1640 DGCEA部分答案解析：1D 2A 3B这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了如何正确使用不同的灭火器和使用时的注意事项。1细节理解题。根据文中“You can put most fires out with water extinguishers.”（你用水灭火器可以扑灭大部分的火）可知，水灭火器只能扑灭大部分的火，所以A项You cannot put all fires out with water extinguishers.你不能用水灭火器扑灭所有的火，与原文意思相符，所以A项正确；根据文中“W
37、hatever the kind of fire, do not stand up straight if you can stay down, this will help you to avoid the smoke”（不论什么样的火，不要一直站着-如果你能趴下，这样可以帮你避免烟）可知，趴下是可以有效避免烟的伤害的，所以B项In case of fire, stay down to protect yourself from the smoke.如果有火，趴下可以让你免受烟的伤害，与文中意思相符，所以B项正确；根据文中“If there is any danger of the fire
38、 spreading to anything that can explode, you should not try to put the fire out yourself. Instead, leave the building immediately, and call the fire brigade.”（当所处火灾有进一步的扩散到可能引起爆炸的任何东西时，你不应该独自灭火，而是应该立即离开那个建筑物并且给消防队打电话。）可知，火灾有进一步危险的时候，应该先自保离开火灾现场，并打电话报火警，所以C项，If the fire might cause any further explos
39、ion, ask for professional help.如果火可能会引起进一步的爆炸，向专业人求助，与原文意思相符，所以C项正确；根据文中“You can use a foam extinguisher for fire caused by burning liquids such as petrol.”（当出现像汽油等液体引起的火灾时可以用泡沫灭火器来灭火）可知，泡沫灭火器是针对液体引起的火灾的，而D项，Foam extinguishers are for fires caused by electrical equipment.泡沫灭火器用来扑灭由电器引起的火灾，与原文意思不符，所以
40、D项错误，综上所述，只有D项不正确，故选D项。2推理判断题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍不同的灭火器灭火，但不同灭火器的使用方法会因为不同类型的火灾也有所不同，所以在灭火时一定要正确使用灭火器，那么言外之意就是，如果没有正确使用灭火器也可能会使火灾更加恶化，所以A项，Inappropriate use of fire extinguishers might make things worse.不正确的使用灭火器可能会使事情恶化，是正确的；根据文中“Get out of the building at once if you think your escape route might be cut
41、 off by smoke or fire. ”（如果逃跑路线被火或者烟切断，你应该立刻离开楼里），可知B项，You should stay in the building if your escape route is cut off. 如果逃跑路线被切断，你应该待在楼里，与原文不符，所以B项错误；C项Standing close to an exit will absolutely guarantee your safety in a fire.在火灾中，站在靠近出口的地方可以绝对保证你的安全，说法太绝对，所以C项错误；D项Firefighting is a complicated job
42、 that can only be done by fire brigades.灭火是一项非常复杂的工作，所以只能由消防队来做这个工作。从文中介绍不同的灭火器使用方法可以知道，灭火并没有很复杂，只是需要我们掌握灭火器正确使用方法，除非火灾非常危险而且有爆炸的可能，才需要求助消防队，所以D项错误 ，综上所述，只有A项正确，是我们可以从文中推理出来的，故选A项。3推理判断题。从文中可以知道文章在介绍灭火器的使用方法和注意事项，操作简单明了，而且文中多次提出只有特殊情况下才需要我们向消防队的专业人士寻求帮助，所以我们可以看出这篇文章的潜在读者应该是大众读者，即一般公众，B项正确，故选B项。4B 5A
43、 6C 7B这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了著名美国作家马克吐温平时爱开别人玩笑，但有一次却被别人开了玩笑。4细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Mark Twain, the famous American writer, liked to play jokes on others.(美国著名作家马克吐温喜欢开别人的玩笑。)”可知，他喜欢跟别人开玩笑，故选B项。5细节理解题。根据文章第一段“At lunch he met a young man, one of his friends.(吃午饭时，他遇到了一个年轻人，他的一个朋友。)”可知，一天吃午饭时他遇到了他的一个朋友，故选A项。6细节理解题。根据文章
44、第一段“He told Twain that his uncle never laughed or smiled, and that nobody and nothing was able to make his uncle smile or laugh.(他告诉吐温，他的叔叔从不笑或微笑，没有人或任何事能够使他的叔叔微笑或大笑。)”可知，他朋友的叔叔不会笑，故选C项。7细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句“ Finally he stopped. He was tired and quite disappointed(最后他停了下来。他很累，很失望。)”可知，马克吐温累了，故选B项。8A 9C
45、 30B 31C这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了太阳对人类生活的积极影响。8细节理解题。根据第三段“Sunlight gives balance. All living things live in a food chain and at the beginning of the food chain comes the plant which absorbs sunlight and transforms light energy into chemical energy, which will then be absorbed by another life to be turned into
46、a new kind of energy and so on.”可知，阳光使万物保持平衡。所有的生物都生活在一个食物链中，在食物链的开始，植物吸收阳光，将光能转化为化学能，然后被另一个生命吸收，转化为一种新的能量等等。由此可知，阳光使万物保持平衡 是因为它有助于传递能量。故选A项。9细节理解题。根据第四段“It helps us to keep a healthy body, control the amount of minerals in the body, which is needed to help keep our bones and teeth in good condition
47、 and helps to keep a well-balanced mind.”可知，它帮助我们保持健康的身体，控制身体中矿物质的含量，这些矿物质是保持骨骼和牙齿处于良好状态所需的，有助于保持良好的心理平衡。所以阳光可以帮助人们保持骨骼和牙齿的健康。故选C项。10主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Different places on the earth receive varying degrees of sunlight, which will decide the regions climate. For example, the farther away it is from the equ
48、ator , the sharper the angle of the suns rays that reach it, which means that sunlight coverage will be more spread out, and receive less heat than lower latitude areas nearer the equator.”可知，地球上不同的地方接受不同程度的阳光，这将决定该地区的气候。由此可知，最后一段的大意是阳光如何影响气候。故选B项。11主旨大意题。根据第一段“Though it is not good for us to expose
49、 ourselves to sunlight for too long, allowing ourselves appropriate amount of exposure to sunlight gives us many benefits and affects us in a number of ways.”可知，虽然长时间暴露在阳光下对我们不好，但让自己适当地暴露在阳光下会给我们带来很多好处，并在许多方面影响我们。所以短文的最佳标题为“阳光对我们生活的积极影响”。故选C项。12C 13A 14C 15B这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了可以在火星上自己生产有机化合物的新系统。文章分析了它的
50、可能性以及它的优点。12推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If humans ever hope to live on the Mars, the settlers will need to produce a series of organic compounds (有机化合物), from fuels to drugs, which are too expensive to ship from Earth.”（如果人类希望在火星上生活，定居者将需要生产一系列的有机化合物，从燃料到药物，这些从地球上运输出来的东西太贵了。）可知，人类若需要在火星上定居，则需要生产一系列的有机化合物，但是从地球上运送
51、很昂贵。同时在根据第三段“For the past eight years, the researchers have been working on a system combining bacteria and nanowires (细菌和纳米线) that can catch the energy of sunlight to change carbon dioxide (CO,) and water into building blocks for organic things. Nanowires are thin wires about one-hundredth the widt
52、h of a human hair, used as electronic parts, and also as solar cells.”（在过去的8年里，研究人员一直在研究一种结合细菌和纳米线的系统，这种系统可以捕捉阳光的能量，将二氧化碳(CO，)和水转化为有机物质的基石。纳米线是一种只有人类头发丝百分之一宽度的细线，用作电子元件和太阳能电池。）可知，科学在研究一种新的系统，该系统可以捕捉阳光的能量，将二氧化碳(CO，)和水转化为有机物质的基石。综合分析，新生态系统的功能是帮助在火星上生产有机化合物。故选C项。13细节理解题。根据文章第四段“On Mars, about 96% of th
53、e atmosphere is CO2. Basically, all you need is these nanowires to take in the solar energy and pass it on to these bacteria to do the chemistry for you,” said project leader Peidong Yang, professor of chemistry and the S.K. and Angela Chan Distinguished Chair in Energy at UC Berkeley. “For a deep s
54、pace task, you care about the weight, and biological systems have the advantage that they self-reproduce: You dont need to send a lot. Thats why this version is highly attractive.”（“在火星上，大约96%的大气是二氧化碳。基本上，你所需要的就是这些纳米线吸收太阳能，并将其传递给细菌，为你完成化学反应，”加州大学伯克利分校(UC Berkeley)的S.K.和安吉拉陈(Angela Chan)杰出主席、化学教授杨沛东(
55、Peidong Yang)说。“对于深空任务，你关心重量，生物系统有自我繁殖的优势:你不需要发射很多。这就是为什么这个版本非常吸引人。”）和第五段“The only other requirement, besides sunlight, is water, which on Mars is relatively more than enough in the polar ice caps and likely lies frozen underground over most of the planet, said Yang.”（杨说，除了阳光，唯一的另一个需求就是水，在火星极地冰盖中，水相
56、对来说是足够的，而且可能冻结在地球大部分地区的地下。）可知，火星上存在着大量的二氧化碳，水和阳光让其自己生产有机物质成为可能。故选A项。14细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Plants, however, have a quite low efficiency (效率), usually changing less than one-half percent of solar energy into carbon compounds. Yangs system is comparable to the plant that best changes CO2 to sugar, which is 45% efficient.”（然而，植物的效率相当低，通常将不到0.5%的太阳能转化为碳化合物。杨的系统可与将二氧化碳转化为糖类效果最好的植物相媲美，其效率为45%。）可知，杨的系统的效率比自然光合作用要高。故选C项。15推理判断题。本篇文章主要介绍了可以在火星上自己生产有机化合物的新系统。文章分析了它的可能性以及它的优点。本文应属于科技文。故本文应取材于报纸的“科学”部分。故选B项。
