1、1initial adj.开始的，最初的 initially adv.最初，首先；开头initiative n首创精神；倡议2confirm v证实，证明 confirmation n确认；证实；证明3crowd n人群 crowded adj.拥挤的；塞满的4attempt n努力，尝试vt.企图，试图；尝试attempted adj.企图的；未遂的5fail v失败failure n失败 6psychology n心理学psychologist n心理学家1up to达到(某数量、程度等)；直到；能胜任；正在干，从事着(尤指坏事)I can take up to four people i
2、n my car.多达I dont feel up to the task.胜任Up to yesterday，I thought he was single.直到Its up to you to decide whether to go or to stay.由决定2figure out 想出， 理解； 弄明白， 看透；计算出I cant figure out what he was hinting at.看透Please figure out the total cost.计算出Could you help me figure out this problem? 解决I didnt fig
3、ure out how to do it.想出I simply couldnt figure out his intention.弄明白Words and Phrasesthus adv.因此，从而(教材P49)Christopher Columbus(14511506)was an Italian explorer who completed journeys between Spain and the Americas，thus marking the beginning of European exploration of the Americas.克里斯托弗哥伦布(14511506)是
4、一位意大利探险家，他完成了西班牙和美洲之间的旅程，从而标志着欧洲探索美洲的开始。例1The universities have expanded，thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education.大学扩招了，这样就使更多人能有机会接受高等教育。例2We do not own the building.Thus，it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.我们不是这栋楼房的房主，因此不能对它进行大改动。造句老年人常常想方设法省钱吃饭，结果损害了
5、他们的健康。Old people often try to save money to eat，thus endangering their health.知识拓展therefore adv. 因此；所以so conj. 因此；所以as a result 结果；因此即学即练单句语法填空They never change and thus/therefore I can trust them.He lost his health，and therefore his difficulties increased.confirm v证实，证明(教材P50)The first people confi
6、rmed to have reached the top were Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953.第一批被证实登上顶峰的人是1953年的埃德蒙希拉里和丹增诺盖。例1The news of holiday was later confirmed by our headteacher.放假的消息，后来从班主任那里得到了证实。例2His guilty expression confirmed my doubt.他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。造句你能证实一下接下来发生了什么事吗？ Can you confirm what happened next?
7、知识拓展confirmation n 证实，证明；确认函confirmed adj. 成习惯的，根深蒂固的，坚定的confirm to have done sth. 确认已完成某事即学即练单句语法填空It has been confirmed that this kind of food is really safe to eat.Im still waiting for confirmation (confirm) of the test results.(be)similar to 与相似(教材P51)In 2011，words similar to those of Mallory we
8、re spoken by American mountain climber Alan Arnette，who climbed Qomolangma in that year and was going to climb other high mountains around the world.2011年，美国登山者艾伦阿内特说出了于马洛所言类似的话。艾伦当年攀登了珠穆朗玛峰，并打算登上世界各地其他的高山。例1This is similar to waiting for a bus that never turns up.这就跟等一辆永远也不来的公交车差不多。例2She has a dict
9、ionary similar to mine.她有一本和我的类似的词典。造句玛丽的帽子和简的差不多。Marys hat is similar to Janes.知识拓展be similar in 在方面相似，和差不多similarly adv. 相似地；类似地similarity n. 相似；类似即学即练单句语法填空The two cars are very similar in size and design.The present situation is similar to that in the year of 2010.bring.into focus 使成为焦点(教材P51)It
10、 brings into focus whats important to you.登山会让你把注意力集中在对你来说重要的事情上。例1This will broaden your horizons and bring new ideas and opportunities into focus.这会开阔你的视野，为你关注的事物带来新的想法与机会。例2Recently，the issue of health has been brought into focus.最近健康问题成为人们关注的焦点。造句新经理组织能力太强了，很快就把主要问题搞清楚并且解决好。The new manager was s
11、o wellorganized that he brought the problems into focus and solve them soon.知识拓展focus n 焦点；集中点；焦距；中心 v. (使)集中；聚集focus sth.on 集中某物于/把某物对准focus ones attention/mind/energy on 集中注意力/心思/精力于即学即练单句语法填空Having focused(focus) his attention on urgent problems，he hardly has time to play games with you.With the
12、development of society，the focus of public attention has changed(change)，too.figure out弄明白(教材P51)It forces you to look deep inside yourself and figure out if you really have the physical，as well as mental，toughness to push when you want to stop.它会迫使你深入观察自己的内心，弄清楚自己的身体和心理是否真的坚韧不拔，在你想要停下的时候推动你继续向前。例1I
13、 cant figure out what he is talking about.我真搞不懂他在讲什么。例2No one could figure out where the gas came from in his magic.没人能搞懂他魔术中的气体来自哪里。造句小男孩似乎弄明白了老师正在讲解的题目。The little boy seems to have figured out what the teacher is explaining.知识拓展figure n 数字；图形；人物；身材；体形；人影 v. 计算；想；估计；认为keep ones figure 保持(优美的)身材figu
14、re on 期待， 指望， 依赖figure that 认为， 认定即学即练单句语法填空There are many stone figures (figure) along the two sides of the road.You can figure on him showing (show) up in the party on time.小片段填空As an important figure of the company，Sue tried to figure out how to announce that the company had earned less than 6 fi
15、gures that year.And most importantly she figured that few people was likely to believe her.作为公司的重要人物，苏设法想出如何公布公司去年收益不到六位数的消息。最重要的是，她认为很少有人会相信她。attempt vt.企图，尝试n.努力，尝试(教材P51)With the majority of attempts to climb Qomolangma resulting either in total success or failure，is there also a scientific reaso
16、n behind this risktaking?大部分攀登珠穆朗玛峰的尝试都以大获全胜或彻底失败结束，那么，在这样的冒险背后是否也存在什么科学的原因呢？例1In an attempt to attract more customers，they took a variety of measures.为了吸引更多顾客，他们采取了各种措施。例2The boys made an attempt to leave for camping but were stopped by their parents.男孩们想去野营，但被他们的父母拦住了。造句为削减费用，关闭了两家工厂。Two factories
17、 were closed in an attempt to cut costs.知识拓展attempt at doing sth./to do sth.尝试或努力做某事make an attempt at doing/to do sth. 尝试或努力做某事at ones/the first attempt 第一次尝试即学即练单句语法填空Theres no point in attempting to present(present) your idea to himhell never listen.He made an attempt to pass(pass) the 2021 Colle
18、ge Entrance Examination，but he didnt succeed in the end.(教材P51)He refers to the personalities of these people as“Type T”，with the“T”standing for“thrill”他称这些人的人格为“T型”，“T”代表“thrill(刺激)”。(1)refer to.as把称之为例1We refer to what are speaking as Han.我们把我们正在说的称为“汉语”。例2People who work in offices are usually re
19、ferred to as“white collar workers”那些在办公室工作的人被称为“白领工人”。造句她总是称汤姆为“那个好人”。She always refers to Tom as “that nice man”知识拓展refer to sb. 指的是某人；提及某人refer to sth. 参考；查阅；提及即学即练单句语法填空Students are asked to complete the exercise without referring (refer) to any materials.He didnt find the word in the dictionary
20、referred(refer) to just now.小片段填空In his speech，he didnt refer to the pollution of the company at all.Although his secretary prepared enough related information about it for him，he didnt refer to any.He was referred to as an irresponsible leader by his colleagues.在他的演讲中，他一点儿也没有提及公司的污染问题。尽管秘书为他准备了这方面足
21、够多的材料，但是他一点也没有参照。他被同事称为一个不负责任的领导。(2)stand for代表；主张 例1 Its well known that the olive branch stands for peace.众所周知，橄榄枝代表和平。例2We Chinese stand for peace and wish to settle all disputes by peaceful means.我们中国人民是主张和平的，希望用和平方式解决争端。造句PRC代表中华人民共和国。PRC stands for Peoples Republic of China.知识拓展stand by 站在旁边；袖
22、手旁观；支持stand out 显著；突出stand up 站立；站起来cant stand sth./doing sth. 不能忍受(做)某事即学即练单句语法填空How can you stand by and do nothing when she needs help?I cant stand seeing (see) children smoking anywhere at any time.Sentence PatternsIt is 过去分词 从句(教材P51)It is still not known if he succeeded in reaching the top of
23、Qomolangma before it took his life.目前尚不清楚他是否在遇难前成功登顶珠穆朗玛峰。句式分析：本句的结构分析如下：例1It hasnt been decided if well go for an autumn outing.我们是否要去秋游还没定下来。例2It remains to be seen if we are wrong in the matter.在这件事上我们是否错了还有待观察。造句他是否能通过这次考试还不确定。It was not certain if he passed the exam.知识拓展(1)if引导的主语从句不能位于句首，只能位于句
24、末，前面需用it作形式主语。if在从句中不充当句子成分，仅起连接作用，意为“是否”。(2)whether引导主语从句时，可以置于句首，也可放于句末。whether在从句中不充当句子成分，仅起连接作用，意为“是否”。即学即练单句语法填空/一句多译Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.不知道他是否已经批准了我的计划。aIts unknown if/whether he has agreed my planbWh
25、ether he has agreed my plan is unknown.either.or.要么要么(教材P51)With the majority of attempts to climb Qomolangma resulting either in total success or failure，is there also a scientific reason behind this risktaking?大部分攀登珠穆朗玛峰的尝试都以大获全胜或彻底失败结束，那么，在这样的冒险背后是否也存在什么科学的原因呢？句式分析：本句中either.or.是连接词，意为“或者或者；不是就是”
26、。在这里连接两个宾语。例1Im going to major either maths or biology in university，as both are my favorite subjects.在大学里我打算要么学数学，要么学生物，因为这两个都是我最喜欢的科目。例2You either go or stay.Dont just wander here doing nothing.你要么走，要么留。不要在这儿走来走去无所事事。造句我们要么选张伟做我们远足的队长，要么选刘迪。We will elect either Zhang Wei or Liu Di as our captain o
27、f going outing.知识拓展either.or.主要用于表示选择，其意为“要么要么”“或者或者”，用于连接两个性质相同的词或短语；连接两个成分作主语时，谓语动词通常与其靠近的主语保持一致。除可连接两个词或短语外，有时也可连接两个句子。其否定式可以是not either.or.，也可以是neither.nor.。即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Either you or I am (be) wrong.It is impossible that we are both right.One will get ill，either because he doesnt take enough
28、exercise，or because he doesnt have a healthy diet.He neither knows nor cares(既不知道也不关心) what happened.Neither the teacher nor the students(老师和学生都不) are going to Huangshan.1(教材P50)For these people，climbing Qomolangma is an experience like no other，making some feel weak and others，powerful.分析此句是一个主系表结构
29、的简单句。Climbing Qomolangma是动名词短语作句子的主语。like no other是介词短语意思是“与众不同”。making some feel weak and others，powerful是动名词短语作定语修饰表语an experience，结构为：make sb.do sth.，and 后面为省略结构，原句应该为making others feel powerful。译文对于这些人来说，登珠峰是一种与众不同的体验，能让一些人感到虚弱，让另一些人感到强大。2(教材P51)Psychologist Frank Farley has spent years studying
30、 people who jump out of planes and drive fast cars，as well as those who climb Qomolangma.分析此句是一个主从复合句。主句是主谓宾结构的句子。其中spend time doing sth.后面的宾语people后面有两个who引导的定语从句；as well as连接两个定语从句。译文心理学家弗兰克法利曾花费数年时间研究那些跳伞、飙车，还有攀登珠穆朗玛峰的人。教材高考1.With the majority of attempts to climb Qomolangma resulting either in t
31、otal success or failure，is there also a scientific reason behind this risktaking？(2017江苏卷)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help shape your year ahead.2.He refers to the personalities of these people as “Type T”，with the “T” standing for“thrill”(2018全国卷)Wang Shu，a 49ye
32、arold Chinese architect，won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prizewhich is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architectureon February 28.单句语法填空1The girl won the game at her first (one) attempt in the national competition.2I could hear them talking but I couldnt figure out what they were saying.3I
33、 like English and thus I chose English as my major in the college.4Im going to buy either a camera or a CD player with the money.5Would you like to know what the stars on the national flag stand for?6Those referred(refer)to as heroes are the common people around us.7The result of the exam confirmed
34、(confirm) our judgement before.8We can only attract someone similar to ourselves (us)in character and personality.9The explosion brought the school bus safety into focus of the schools daily work.10It is generally believed that we should make it clear if we have the potential to do better what we ar
35、e doing.短语填空open up；bring.into focus；result in；be connected to；refer to. as；stand for；figure out；focus on；take risk；benefit from1In China，these knots stand for friendship and good luck.2People who like taking risks are adventurous and daring to do almost everything.3The latest news brings Sun Yang i
36、nto focus but he makes no comment.4You really have to figure out what you are good at and try to achieve it.5Many countries have benefited from the The Belt and Road Initiative.6The new project opens up a new road to cooperate with different business partners.7The failure of Chinese Basketball team
37、resulted in the loss of the chance to the Olympic Games.8We Chinese people refer to our language as Han，which we are all proud of.9If you want to achieve your goal，you need to focus on what is the most important.10Our health is closely connected to our eating habits and daily lifestyle.课文语法填空Last ye
38、ar, hundreds of people spent a lot of money on climbing Qomolangma even though they knew they would be challenged with different risks. For some people，climbing makes them feel 1.powerful(power)George Mallory believed that we ate and made money 2.to enjoy(enjoy) life. Sadly, this climber lost his li
39、fe in 1924 while he 3.was climbing(climb) Qomolangma.4.It is still not known if he succeeded in reaching the top before it took his life.Alan Arnette，5.who climbed Qomolangma in 2011, held the idea that climbing brought 6.into focus what was important to you in your life. He believed that there were
40、 a thousand reasons to turn around and only one to keep going. He added that you had to focus on 7.the one reason thats most important and unique to you. And it helped you figure out whether you had the physical and mental 8.toughness(tough) to push when you wanted to give up.With the majority of at
41、tempts to climb Qomolangma 9.resulting(result)either in total success or failure, is there also a scientific reason? Recent studies indicate that risktaking may be part of human nature. Besides，people enjoy climbing because they expect to benefit from the result.Therefore, its 10.totally(total) up to you whether you will take the risk of climbing Qomolangma.
