1、Section_Grammar_&_Writing文章结构文章的结构，是文章部分与部分、部分与整体之间的内在联系和外部形式的统一。文章都是由中心意思、材料、篇章结构三个要素组成的。中心意思是文章的“灵魂”，要明确无误；材料是“血肉”，要丰富并能集中地反映中心；篇章结构则是文章的“骨架”，是谋篇布局的手段，是运用材料反映中心思想的方法。一篇文章可以包括多个自然段。段落是文章的缩影。写好了段落，就能比较成功地写出较好的文章。段落是由阐述同一主题的一组紧密相关的句子组成的。它是语篇的基础，若干段落可以有机地组成语篇，段落本身就是一个写作单元，在某种意义上就是一篇浓缩了的文章。写好一篇文章，需要注意以
2、下几个方面：1拟好标题标题是文章的眼睛。好的标题简洁明了，生动形象，能引导读者理解文章的内容，具有强烈的吸引力和感染力。要抓住中心词，注意语法正确，可适当使用修辞手段。2把握段落结构一个段落的基本结构为：主题句，总述或者是概括性的论断，是段落展开的基础；扩展句，也称支持句，是段落的主体，支持、澄清、证明或者解释开头的论断；结尾或称结论句，重申论断，或者将支持细节的各点连接起来。段落的主要内容包括段落的整体性，即指段落的主题句、支持句、结尾句之间相互关系、相互呼应，构成段落的整体性。3写好主题句主题句(topic sentence)是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕
3、它展开。(1)主题句的位置主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。(2)写好主题句中的关键词段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。(3)写好主题句的要领主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它；
4、尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子；主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思想完整；关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发展。4.写好扩展句围绕主题句展开，支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。一般来说，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了36个扩展句。所以，写好了扩展句便基本上完成了一个自然段落。写作时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系
5、，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照、比较关系，转换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词(transitional words) 来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，因此极为重要。5结尾段要精彩众所周知，文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后
6、方向或令人深思的问题，给读者留下回味和思考的余地。4. 考题印证(2012浙江高考)下面文章中有5处(第6165题)需要添加小标题。请从以下选项(A、B、C、D、E和F)中选出符合各段意思的小标题。选项中有一项是多余选项。ASlow Down Your LifeBEscape Now and ThenCSeparate Your ActionsDAllow Yourself to Be WeakERelieve Pressure by Firmly Saying “No”FStop Expecting Everything to Be PerfectHow to Simplify Your L
7、ifeLess is more.This is why we say: reduce things by half instead of doubling them, get rid of junk instead of piling it up, relax instead of stressing, slow down instead of speeding up. Apply these principles in your everyday life in a conscious way.You will then find yourself well along on your jo
8、urney to simplification.61.When you concentrate on one task, you find you have energy that you didnt even know you had.Just imagine: you are at a fair and you have to carry two heavy pigs over 100 yards.If you keep grabbing one and then the other, it will take forever, because one of them will keep
9、slipping out from under your arm and running off.But if you tie one pig in a place, pick up the other, gather all your strength and make a dash for the finish line, pause for a moment, run back and get the other one, and with great determination, carry the second pig to the finish line, then you can
10、 be sure of success.62.The pressure at work is on the increase in all occupations.In the modern nuclear family, the expectations that formerly would have been shared among all the relatives are now concentrated on the individual partner. If you have the feeling that 24 hours per day are not enough f
11、or all the things you need to do, then its not because the day has too few hours, but because you have too many activities.A simple fact that overloaded people often tend to forget. The solution is equally simple: refuse to accept so many work assignments in your private life or your working life.63
12、.“I can handle stress” is regarded as a positive statement in the world of work.People who can handle stress are given more and more to cope with until one day they break.Pay careful attention to the signs that tell you that you are under more stress than you can cope with.These signals can come fro
13、m various areas of life.You become ill, or your work efficiency decreases.If you have any of these symptoms, change your life goals and decrease your tolerance of stress. Say quite openly, “I cant manage that.”64.“If only I were slimmer, more beautiful, richer, more clever, then I would be happier.”
14、 This is a dream that makes a lot of people ill, depressed, and unhappy.Life has its flaws, defects, corners, and edges.Only those who accept this reality can lead a really full life.Of course there are activities in which errors are dangerous: driving a car, crossing the road.But life doesnt consis
15、t entirely of these things.In among them there is a lot of room for small and large mistakes.65.Successful people all have their own places where they can withdraw in order to work.Find out which places improve your creativity.For me its the train.When I know that Im going to be traveling for four h
16、ours without phone calls and people knocking on my door, I find my mind is free and I can read or write complex articles. There can be problems working on the train, of course: if the person sitting opposite you keeps talking away, or if train trips make you tired (some people fall asleep after a fe
17、w miles)答案：6165CEDFB.篇章结构训练下面是一篇介绍妇女地位的英语短文，请阅读此文，为每段加上一个适当的主题句。1In_many_countries_in_the_world,_women_are_looked_down_upon. It is more difficult for them to get some work than men. In order to get a job, they sometimes have to tell a lie. Thats unfair. In fact, women can work as well as men. Theres
18、 nothing that women cant do.2Perhaps,_they_are_better_at_their_work_than_men. For example, in making telephones and computers, many companies would rather employ women, for men cant pick up the small pieces with their fingers. Like men, they can also become excellent engineers, doctors and teachers.
19、 So I am sure the day will come soon when women can really get equal rights.行文逻辑训练阅读下面短文，选择适当过渡性词语填空。In recent years, studying abroad has become more and more popular with middle school students.Some people are in favor of it. They say it can spread different cultures among nations, and that it can
20、open our eyes and then we can learn the high technology abroad. 1.Also they say that the good language environment is good for learning English.Others, 2.however,_ think people should not. They think students are too young to live alone. If they get far away from their parents, they may feel lonely.
21、 3.Besides,_ the charge of living and studying is too expensive. 4.Above_all,_ students are short of living experience, so it is easy for them to go wrong.5In_my_opinion,_ studying abroad is good, but we should not be blind. 倡议书每年的6月26日为国际禁毒日。假如你是李明，请你围绕“珍爱生命，远离毒品”这一主题，根据下面所给的要点提示，用英语给全省的中学生们写一封倡议书。
22、要点：1.吸毒有害健康：有可能导致心脏病、高血压等；2吸毒极易成瘾，且戒毒很难；3吸毒耗资巨大，吸毒者为了获取毒资，有可能犯罪；4如果发现周围有人吸毒，你应该报警；远离吸毒者，不与之交往。注意：1.词数为120左右；2参考词汇：国际禁毒日International Day Against Drug Abuse; 犯罪commit a crimeA letter to high school studentsDear friends, June 26th is the International Day Against Drug Abuse every year and it aims to k
23、eep people away from drugs. As we all know, drugs are harmful to our health. Taking drugs increases peoples heart rates and blood pressure. Drug takers may suffer from heart diseases.It is easy for drug takers to become addicted to drugs, but it is hard for them to get rid of this addiction. Drugs c
24、ost people much money. If they dont have enough money to buy drugs, they will suffer a great pain. In that case they may commit a crime.When you see drug takers, you should call the police. Keep away from the people who take drugs and dont keep in touch with them. Dear friends, lets start fighting a
25、gainst drugs now and say yes to life and no to drugs.Li Ming首段说明吸毒的危害；第二段说明吸毒易上瘾，却难以戒除且会导致犯罪；第三段呼吁人们共同防范吸毒这种犯罪行为，同时要远离瘾君子；第四段对特定对象发出呼吁并表达倡议者的希望。1高级词汇：句中keep.away from；句中be harmful to；句中suffer from；句中become addicted to和get rid of；句中keep in touch with等高级词汇丰富了文章语言。2句式：(1)句中的as we all know是一个非限定性定语从句。(2
26、)句是一个由连词but连接的并列句，且it为形式主语，分别代替动词不定式短语to become addicted to drugs与to get rid of this addiction来说明“毒瘾易形成且难以戒掉”，起强调作用。(3)句是两个由and连接的祈使句，后文中的lets start一句也是这种结构，易于引起读者的共鸣。如何写倡议书倡议书是倡导开展某项有意义的活动、推广或发展某一行之有效做法的文体。其写法如下：1写对倡议对象的称呼；2正文：(1)写清发出倡议的根据、原因和目的；(2)重点是写倡议的具体内容和要求做到的具体事项，这部分一般是分条开列，以求清晰、明确；3结尾要表示倡议者
27、的决心和希望；4最后要写上提出倡议者的名称。目前我国大力提倡科学发展观。下图是你在校园所见到的一些现象。假如你是学生会主席，请你描述这些现象并根据建议起草一份倡议书，向全校师生发出倡议，节约能源。注意：1.开头、结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数；2词数不少于120；3可根据需要补充与文章有关的信息。建议：节电：确保走前关掉电器设备节水：及时关闭水龙头省纸：试卷双面打印提高节能意识Dear teachers and students, Our government is trying hard to promote scientific development. It is everybodys d
28、uty to work hard and reach this goal._参考范文Dear teachers and students, Our government is trying hard to promote scientific development. It is everybodys duty to work hard and reach this goal.However, not everybody has realized the importance of it. Take our school for example. Sometimes we can see th
29、at lights and computers are still on after class. Some students even forget to turn off the tap after using it and have water running all the time. Our papers are printed on only one side, causing much waste.Its time we did something to avoid this kind of waste. Firstly, make sure that all the light
30、s and other electric facilities are turned off when we leave the rooms. Try to form the habit of turning off the tap immediately after using it. Whats more, papers should be printed on both sides and reused if possible.In a word, if everybody has the awareness of reducing the waste and takes action, we can contribute to our society.Students Union
