1、语法1.annul subscription2.visually forbidding3.accordingly4.appeal to a mass audience5.inexpensive6.overnight7.fancy8.daring9.associate v./adj10.selective letters11.value12.sum13.open-ended forums14.annoyance15.a deadline extension16.reflective boards年度订阅视觉上令人望而生畏的因此；相应地吸引大众读者便宜地夜间的，晚上的/一夜之间喜欢；想象；新潮的，
2、花哨的大胆的联系，联想/副的被选择的字母价值；数值；价值观；重视总和，总数；一笔开放性的论坛恼怒，生气延长截止日期反射板Dear Allen,How is everything going?Im writing to invite you to join us for a visit to a music festival _(hold)in our school hall next Sunday morning.（写信目的）As_ (schedule),the opening ceremony will start at 9:00 am,and the schoolmaster will d
3、eliver/make a speech.Then there will be various fantastic performances played by talented students.You are definitely welcome to show up on stage,which will add color and fun to our festival.(时间内容）Looking forward to your early reply.Yours Li Huascheduledto be held定语从句1 God helps those _ help themsel
4、ves.2 I still remember all the beautiful houses and the friendly people _ I saw in the small village.3 When I arrived,Bryan took me to see the house_I would be staying.4 A company _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.5 He has written 18 books,6 of _ have been trans
5、lated into English.6 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_made the others envy him.7 Soon archaeologists from Beijing,_ the whole world knows,dug up 6000 clay warriors.There is no simple answer,_ is often the case in science.8 Ive come to the point_ I cant stand him.who that
6、 where whose which which as aswhere名词复数形式：1.customcustoms armarms work-works 2.两种方式。Sheep/aircraft/chinese/Japanese3.The cattle/the police 谓语动词用复数 the class/the family/the team谓语动词单复4.两名女教师；两个过路人；爱看电影者5.box-;match;bus-;brush-;stomach6.boy-;toy-;alley valley;fly-;worry7.zoo-;zero-;volcano-;Hero-;negr
7、o-;potato-;tomato-;Photo-;piano8.去他姐姐家；在我叔叔家；一个书店；赛车1.make preparation preparationss for2.achievements 成就 pl.achievement 实现 u.n3.make arrangements for4.surroundings5.make contributionsa contibution to6.satisfymeet ones requirements7.Belongings 所有物 possessions 财产 in possession of8.directions/instruct
8、ions 指示；说明9.accomplimentsargue_n.recognise_n.decide_ndescribe_n.destroy_n.explain_n.pronounce_n.apologise_n.argumentrecognitiondescriptiondestructiondecisionexplanationpronunciationapologyHave a dictation冠词：1.突然 2.说实话 3.事实上 4.在远处 5.在农村 6.着火 7.灰心 8.一方面，另一方面 9.茫然不知所措9.Having a coffee in those days was
9、 a comfort.10.This is _ most interesting book.Every child likes it.This is _ most interesting book among all the books 11.He is _ taller of the two boys.12.He was elected _ president.13.I will go to_ university.14.He always stays at _ home.15.Have_ gift(talent,taste)for 16.Keep sb _ company;out of _
10、 reach;Give you _ discount;have _ access to;17.Raise _ publics awareness of protecting.the longest river;Chinaslongest river athethe/a/a/the介词：代词：除了；由于；关于；若不是；尽管；代表；偶然地；对。熟悉；为所熟知1.I will go school _ this year.2.He finally succeeded _ his hard work.3.To stay _ shape,he exercises every day.4.You can d
11、epend on _ (他的到来）。5.The door always opens _ itself.6.For one thing,for _ ;one.the otheron(the)one hand,on the _ (hand)./throughinhis coming ofanother other 一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时 现在进行时主动do/doesdidwill/shall doWould do am/is/are doing被动am/is/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould be doneam/is/are
12、 being done过去进行时将来进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去完成时主动was/were doing will/shall be doing have/has done have/has been doinghad done被动was/were Being donehave/has been donehad been done1、表示经常发生的习惯性的、现在反复出现的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有：always,usually,seldom,sometimes,every day,now and then,once a week等。2、表示客观事实或普遍真理。3、书报的标题，故事的叙述，
13、小说、戏剧、电影等情节介绍，图片的说明等。4、时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作，只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come等动词。The meeting begins at seven.。The plane takes off at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.7、在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示将来的动作。When I graduate，Ill go to the countryside.8、用在某些表达中，表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。Here comes the bus!
14、How it rains!一般现在时一般过去时的构成表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态，与现在没有关系。常用的时间状语有：yesterday,last night,at that time/.ago，theotherday，in1982等。情况变化规则例词一般情况在动词后加edstaystayed expectexpected 以e结尾的动词后加dhopehoped“辅音字母y”结尾的动词变y为i再加edstudystudiedcarrycarried重读闭音节中，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加edplanplannedpreferpreferredWhen I was
15、a child，I often played football in the street.Mr.White lived in Paris for seven years，and he lives in Beijing now.一般将来时表示从现在看来将要发生的动作或状态。2.I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you.临时决定3.I am going to buy some books with my sister this afternoon.按计划/打算Look at the clouds.It is going to
16、 rain.某种迹象预示4.I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.安排 约定、命令 义务5.表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势、倾向。过去将来时的常用表达法：would/should动词原形I would swim in the small river after school when I was a child.过去习惯He was going to start work the following week.过去打算He said he was to meet his friend at the station at 4 pm安排计划I was ab
17、out to go out when someone called me.正要.突然现在完成时的谓语构成：have(has)过去分词。1.表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，其结果的影响现在依然存在。过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在有时与just，already，yet，recently，threetimessince时间点”、“for时间段”及 sofar，uptonow，tillnow，in/overthelast/pastfewyearsThe film Wolf Warrior has received good reviews since it came out last month.T
18、om looks tired because he has been cleaning the house since 9 am.2.现在完成时的句型“It(This)isthebest(worst，mostinteresting等)名词thatsbhavedone”It(This)is(willbe)thefirst/second/third.timethatsbhavedoneBy the time Jack returned home from England，his son had graduated from college.Tom was disappointed that mos
19、t of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.We had hoped/meant/intended that you would come，but you didnt.Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.常用过去完成时的句型过去完成时haddone表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动
20、作，即“过去的过去”，句中有明显的表示过去的参照动作或时间状语。进行时sb be doing-被动sb be being done1.和 always/forever/constantly 连用，表达抱怨或表扬情绪 He is always helping others.He was constantly coming late.2.位置转移词汇的进行时表将来 come/go/leave/arrive/stay 等 He is coming/leaving/staying here.3.My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hu
21、rt himself.I was making a modal plane at nine yesterday evening主谓一致：1.可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。（furniture,news,gabbage,luggage,equipment,advice,information,news)2.在定语从句中，that,who,which等作主语时，谓语动词的数和先行词的数一致。3.动名词，不定式，从句作主语谓语动词用单数。但是what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。4.either-or,neither-nor,no
22、tonly-butalso,whether-or连接的并列主语时，用就近原则。5.主语后有with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,but,except,ratherthan等引起的短语时，谓语动词要与主语保持一致。1.The data is passed to the network that _(learn)to look for patterns.2.We Love Reading is a programme that _(plant)the love of reading within children.3.We Love Reading is eff
23、ective and able to continue for a long time because it _(manage)and owned by local volunteers.4.This probably occurs because the dust absorbs heat,warming up the atmosphere and making it circulate more strongly,which _(prevent)the formation of ice clouds.5.What we need now _ time.What we need now _
24、practical suggestions.6.The artist,together with his colleagues,_(visit)the farm next month.learnsplantsis managedpreventsisareis going to visit被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词build为例)列表如下：状态时间一般进行完成现在am/is/are builtam/is/are being builthas/have been built过去was/were builtwas/w
25、ere being builthad been built将来shall/will be builtshall/will have been built过去将来should/would be builtVisitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.get过去分词可以表示被动The patient got treated once a week主动形式表达被动意义1.系动词(look,feel,taste,sound,smell,prove,seem,appear等)形容词或名词。The dish tastes good.2.表示开始、结束、运
26、动的动词(begin,finish,close,open,start,stop,shut，move,run等)。The store closes at 6：00 pm.every day.3.表示主语的特点或特征的动词(read,write,sell，wash,wear,cut,lock,act,draw,drive,drink,eat,clean等)。Books of this kind sell well.4.be+形容词+to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动 He is easy to get on with5、在某些词组中，用动词的主动形式表被动。1）sth be
27、 worth doing（2）want,require,need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。（3）with复合结构 (4)consist of 由.构成date back to/date from sth happen/take place/come about/break out/occur 等1.Later,engineers _(manage)to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道),which became known as the Tube.(2017全国卷)2When fat and salt _(remov
28、e)from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全国卷)3Leaving the less important things until tomorrow _(be)often acceptable.(2016全国卷)4Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might _(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.5Confucius believed knives wou
29、ld remind people of killings and _(be)too violent for use at the table6Mr.Green as well as his children _(go)to the park every Sunday.7What her father left her _(be)only some books.8My hobby is widespread，which _(include)drawing，collecting stamps and so on.managed are removed is be made were goes ar
30、e includes 9Now Professor Smith，along with his assistants，_(be)working on the project day and night to meet the deadline.10Between the two rows of trees _(stand)the teaching building.11I _(intend)to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor.12This is because two thirds of the earths surface _(be)m
31、ade up of vast oceans.13Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _(wear)evening dress.14Not only I but also Jane and Mary _(be)tired of having one examination after another.15We _(tell)that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week，but for the week after.16.He has been ab
32、le to play tennis with a robot that _ (shoot)balls at him.is stands had intended is wears are were told shoots16If it _(turn)cold again，theyll dive back down.But they come out again if it is warm.17It is the most instructive lecture that I _(attend)since I came to this school.18It _ (rain)when they
33、left the station.19In the last few years，China _(make)great achievements in environmental protection.20.Less than 3 months after he won the right to compete,the Games _(put)off until 2021.21.He joined the group _ (consist)of 8 members.22.The animals of this kind are endangered,which _ (find)only in
34、Australia.23.Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award,proud Irene_(declare)she had no plans to retire form her business.24.I love coming here and seeing all my friends I _(make)over the years.turns have attended was raining has made were put consisting are found declared have made 虚拟语气一、if-虚拟语气if条件
35、从句从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反动词过去式(be动词用were)should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反should+动词原形were to do动词过去式should/would/could/might+动词原形1.If I had taken his advice,I wouldnt have missed such a good opportunity.如果我听了他的建议,我就不会错过这么好的一个机会了。2.句型升级:用虚拟语气升级下列句子I a
36、m not in Beijing now,or I will accompany you to the bookstore._(2)If I had formed a good habit of reciting something,_(我就能够在英语方面取得更大的进步了).If I were in Beijing now,I would accompany you to the bookstore.I could have made greater progress in English.二、含蓄虚拟语气的运用有时假设的情况并不通过条件从句表示出来,而是通过上下文或一些词或短语等表示出来。常
37、用的有without、but for、otherwise等。对现在进行虚拟，用would/could/might do对过去进行虚拟，用would/could/might have done.But for your help,I couldnt have made such great progress.(2)They helped me yesterday.Otherwise _(我就不能按时完成任务).三、使用“should+动词原形”结构的虚拟语气一坚持：insist 二命令：order,command 三建议:suggest,advise,recommend 四要求:ask,dema
38、nd,request,require1.Our teacher suggests that we(should)learn to handle conflicts calmly and wisely.I could not have finished the task on time.四、在“It is(high)time+that从句”中,从句要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用过去式或“should+动词原形”。1.Its high time that we made the public realise the importance of saving energy.2.到了我们采取有效措施控制污染
39、的时候了。_Its time that we took/should take effective measures to control pollution.情态动词一、情态动词的基本用法1.can/could 用法(1)表示能力，意为“能，会”Most people can use WeChat to communicate with others.No one could work out the challenging question in the exam.(2)表示客观或理论上的可能性，意为“可能会”It can be very warm sometimes in this ar
40、ea.(3)常用句式 cant/can never.too/enough 再.也不过分We can never pay too high a price for the College Entrance Examination.You cant praise him too much.cant wait to do 急于做某事I cant wait to read the book.cant/couldnt help doing 情不自禁做某事He cant help laughing when he read the funny story.2.may/might 用法表示祝愿，常用结构“M
41、ay+主语+动词原形”May you be happy everyday.3.will/would 用法表示习惯性动作，意为“总是，习惯于”Fish will die without water.When we worked in the same firm several years ago,we would often go to the cinema together.4.“情态动词+have done”的用法 must have done 表示对过去事情的肯定推断It must have rained last night,for the road was quite wet.coul
42、d have done 意为“本来可以，本来能够”You could have made greater progress,but you didnt try your best.may/might have done 意为“可能，或许已经.”Its no use going to his house.He may not have gone home.He may have gone somewhere else.should/ought to have done 表示本该做某事，却没有做You should have finished your homework.You ought not
43、 to have made fun of him.He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.neednt have done 表示没有必要做某事却做了We neednt have bought so much food now that Suzie wont be with us for dinner.巩固练习：1 If the new safety system _(put)to use,the accident would never have happened.2 Its high time that he _(do)something
44、instead of just talking.3 We havent seen my aunt for many years.We couldnt wait _(see)her.4 If you had told me in advance,I _(meet)him at the airport.5 We _(call)a taxi yesterday if Harold hadnt offered us a ride home.6 If it _(be)Sunday tomorrow,I should go tosee my grandmother.7 It is suggested th
45、at the meeting _(put)off till next week.8 But for the rain,we _(have)a pleasant journey yesterday.had been putdid/should doto seewould have metwould have calledwere(should)be putshould/would have had名词性从句定义：在句子中期名词作用的从句类型：主，宾，表，同连接词连词：that,whether,if连接代词：what,whom,whom,whose,which,whatever,whoever,w
46、homever,whichever连接副词：when,where,how,why 1._you said yesterday is right.2._she is still alive is a good thing.3._ is different are all the details of his training.4.But _really makes the system stand out is the bright color code.5.I just always wanted to combine the two things that I love,and I feel
47、 like this is_I am meant to do.6.A satellite orbiting Mars has taken the most detailed measurements yet of how these rare events trap water,which may help explain_ happened to the water that used to be abundant on the Red Planet.7.She did not know_ had happened.8._is known is that Jack is willing to
48、 help others.It is known _Jack is caring.(Jack is working,_ is known.)1.that vs what that 只起引导作用,不做成分what 既起引导作用,又做主要成分WhatThatWhatWhatWhatWhatWhatWhatthatas2.whether（是否/不论）VS if（是否/如果）是否 whether to do /whether.or not/prep+宾语从句引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句1.I dont know _ Ill be free tomorrow.2.I dont know _ or
49、not Ill be free tomorrow.3.The question is _ this book is worth writing.4.It depends on _ we will have enough money.5._ they can do it matters little to us.6._ you are not free tomorrow,Ill go without you.7.Friends are extremely important for everyone._it is a child,a teenager,a middle-aged person o
50、r an old person,everyone needs good friends around to live life to the fullest.whether/ifwhetherwhetherwhetherWhetherIfWhether 3.it 做形式主语，形式宾语 take it for granted that/I like/dislike/hate it when/Id appreciate it if see(to it)that留意，负责，务必 owe it to sb that把.归功于某人 depend/rely on it that请相信；没问题 I hate
51、 it _ people talk with their mouths full of food.See to it_ you always carry your passport.I owe it to the doctor _ I am still alive.We find _necessary that we practise speaking English every day.We consider _ our duty that we should help the disabled.1 You may depend upon _ that the project will be
52、 completed in time.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey.thatthatthatitititthat 4.定语从句VS 同位语从句 that 引导定语从句，代替先行词在从句中做成分 that 引导同位语从句，只起引导作用，不做成分 The news_he told me really amazed me.The news _he would come really amazed me.The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warme
53、r and warmer these years.The suggestion _he put forward was quite helpful.The suggestion_we should take time to relax was quite helpful.that/whichthatthatthat/whichthat 1.It doesnt matter _you turn right or left at the crossing-both roads lead to the park.2.Do not let any failures discourage you,for
54、 you can never tell _ close you may be to victory.3.If you happen to get lost in the wild,youd better stay _ you are and wait for help.4.The notice came around two in the afternoon_ the meeting would be postponed.5She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do _it takes to save her life.6.It is difficult for us to imagine_ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.7._began as a small activily has taken the shape of an inspiring institution of international standards.whetherhowwherethatwhatwhatWhat
