1、Unit 4 EarthquakesThe Seventh PeriodGrammar(I)一、概念定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。其作用相当于形容词。先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。关系词(引导词)：引导定语从句，连接主句与从句的词叫作关系词，分关系代词(that,which,who,whose 等)和关系副词(when,where,why 等)两类。注意：关系词的选用由先行词在定语从句中所充当的句子成分决定。限制性定语从句：是修饰先行词必不可少的成分，去掉从句后整个句子的意义就不能成立或意思不清楚。含限制性定语从句的复合句通常翻译为“的”，置于先
2、行词前。如：The man who robbed him has been arrested.抢劫他的人已经被逮捕了。Its the best hotel that I have known.这是我所知道的最好的旅馆。非限制性定语从句：对所修饰的词没有限定词义的作用，而是作一些补充说明，通常都用一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开，去掉非限制性定语从句对剩下部分没有太大的影响。在译成中文时，这个从句多译成一个并列句。如：Peter,who had been driving all day,suggested stopping at thenext town.彼得开了一整天的车，他建议在下个镇停一停
3、。Football,which is a very exciting game,is played all over theworld.全世界都在踢足球，它是一项令人兴奋的运动。关系词指代对象在定语从句中充当的成分例 句that人或物主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略；但which 前有介词时不可省略)The girl that/who told us the news is his sister.那个告诉我们消息的女孩是他妹妹。He gave me a book which/that was bought in the UK.他给了我一本在英国买的书。This is the car(which/th
4、at)he bought last year.这就是他去年买的车。We visited the house in which Lu Xun lived.我们参观了鲁迅先生住过的房子。The lady(who/that)we met in the park comes from America.我们在公园见过的那位女士来自美国。The girl whose father had given us a report got first.她的爸爸给我们作过报告的那个女孩得了第一。He lives in a house whose door faces south.He lives ina house
5、 the door of which faces south.他住在一所门朝南的房子里。(注：whosethe.ofwhich/whom)which物who人whose人或物定语二、关系代词 that,which,who,whose 的用法1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as等；关系副词：where,when,why等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替
6、先行词；在定语从句中充当一个成分。例如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read.(that I have read是定语从句；novel是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。)关系词指代人或物以及在定语从句中充当的成分关系词指代人或物定语从句中充当的成分关系代词that人或物主语、宾语、表语或状语which物或主句内容主语、宾语或定语who人主语或宾语whom人宾语whose人或物定语as人或物或主句内容主语或宾语关系副词when时间状语where地点状语why原
7、因状语4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“的”。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother,who is now a lawyer,
8、always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)一、关系代词的使用【例句观察】She is the woman(whom/that/who)I wanted to see yesterday.她是我昨天想看的那个女的。The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你扛着的包裹马上要拆开。Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009,which we hadnt
9、expected.Obama在2009年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的。Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.你父母是你困难时可以求助的人。【例句分析】whom/that/who指人，在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语，可以省略。which/that指物，在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语，可以省略。which指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略。whom前有介词to，虽然作宾语，但不能省略。【结论1】关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且
10、前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。【完成例句】(1)我，你的好朋友，当你陷入困境的时候会帮你的。I,who am your close friend,will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(2)哈利波特是最受青少年欢迎的畅销书之一。Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.哈利波特是唯一一本让作者成为亿万富翁的畅销书。Harry Potter is the only one of the bestseller
11、s that makes the author a billionaire.(3)他通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。He has passed the exam,which makes us surprised.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in China,as is known to all.(4)每家有台电视,30年前我们认为是不可能的，现在实现了。To own a TV set in each family,which we think was impossible 30 years ago,now has become tr
12、ue.【结论2】定语从句中的主谓一致问题(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。(2)one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数动词；而the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 单数动词。(3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。(4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。【完成例句】(5)所有能做的都做了。All that can be done has been done.(6)这就是我想要买的电影。This is the very dictionary tha
13、t I want to buy.(7)他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.(8)站在那儿的是谁？Who is the man that is standing there?(9)They have set up a company,which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.他们创立了一家环保公司。(10)杭州不再是过去的杭州了。Hangzhou is no more the c
14、ity that it used to be.【结论3】指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,the one,none,all,much,few,any,little等不定代词时，只用that。当先行词被the only,the very,all,much,few,any,little,no修饰时，只用that。当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。先行词既有人又有物时，只用that。当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。有两个定语从句时，其中
15、一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that。【完成例句】(11)那棵四百年的老树很有名。The tree,which is four hundred years old,is very famous here.(12)我们自给自足。We depend on the land from which we get our food.(13)这本书是关于我们要去参观的那座有名的建筑吗？Is this the book that refers to the famous building which we will go to v
16、isit?【结论4】只能用 which的情况：引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。介词后只用which，且不能省略。有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用which。三、关系代词的特殊用法1指代物时用 which 不用 that 的情况(1)当动词短语的介词提前时。如：The pen with which he is writing was bought yesterday.他正用来写字的笔是昨天买的。(2)先行词本身为 that 时。如：That which you told him about is exciting.你告诉他的事是令人兴奋的。(3)引导非限制性定
17、语从句时(可修饰一个先行词，也可修饰整个主句)。如：This is his house,which is 50 years old.(which 指代“房子”)这是他的房子，有 50 多年了。Tom was late again,which made his teacher angry.(which 指代主句)汤姆又迟到了，这使他的老师很生气。2只用 that 引导定语从句的情况(1)先行词是不定代词，如 some,all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one 时。如：Is there anything t
18、hat I can do for you?我能为你做点什么吗？That is all that I know.这是我所知道的全部。(2)先行词被 only,few,little,just,right,any,all,one,no 等修饰时。如：You can take any seat that is free.你可以在任何一个空位坐下。There is little time that we can use.我们能用的时间几乎没有了。I read all the books that you gave me.你给我的书我全都看了。(3)先行词被 the only,the very,the s
19、ame 等修饰时。如：This is the only book that can be useful for us.这是唯一一本对我们有用的书。This is the very thing that Im after.这正是我所追求的。(4)先行词前被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：It is the first composition that I have written in English.这是我写的第一篇英语作文。This is the most interesting film that we have ever seen.这是我们看过的最有意思的电影。(5)先行词为数词时。如：
20、Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin ofwater.Now you can see the two that are still alive.昨天我捉了两条鱼把它们放入了一盆水里。现在你可以看到它们还是活的。(6)先行词中既有人又有物时。如：He told us the people and the places that he had visited.他告诉我们他曾拜访过的人，参观过的地方。(7)主句中有 who,whom 或 which，关系代词宜用 that，以避免重复。如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there？那个正在那边看报纸的人是谁？Which is the book that you like best?你最喜欢哪本书？(8)先行词为主句的表语而关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时。如：My home village is no longer the place that it used to be.我的家乡再也不是以前的那个小村庄了。To be continued
