1、2012届高三英语语法总复习：英语中的五个基本句型 叶中高三英语备课组编写组基本概念：与汉语相似，英语句子是由主语(subject), 谓语动词(verb),宾语(object), 表语(predicative),状语(adverbial),宾语补足语(object complement)等成分组成，按照这些成分的组合方式英语句子可分为五种基本句型。句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型：1、基本句型的词序： 2、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考)：主语： 定语：( )谓语： 状语： 宾语： 宾补： 表语：
2、1、主谓句型：SVi。2、主系表句型：SVlinkP3、主谓宾句型：SVt.O4、主谓双宾句型：SVtO间宾O直5、主谓宾补句型：SVtOC3、例句： Jim is working very hard now.（他现在正非常努力地工作。） She is young. （她年轻。） It looks like rain. （天看上去要下雨。） The boy always kicked the dog with his feet. （这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。） He has never bought me a toy since last year. （从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。） He f
3、elt something (cold) .（他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。）3、英语词类与句子成分关系图： 句子成分 词类或短语主语*谓语宾语*表语*定语*状语*宾语 补足语名词代词形容词数词动词时态语态形式动词不定式动名词动词现在分词动词过去分词副词介词短语 注释 1、“”表示某种词类可以充当某个成分, “”表示某种词类经常充当某个成分, “”表示某种词类最经常充当某个成分。 “”表示某种词类不能充当某个成分。 2、“ * ”表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。句型一：主语+不及物动词不及物动词本身就可以表达完整的意念， 不需要宾语及补语， 但有时可有副词， 介词
4、短语等状语修饰语。e.g. The rain stopped . The old man walks in the park . 句型一的扩展：1.主语+不及物动词+状语e.g. The machine works smoothly. (机器运转正常。)2.There +不及物动词+主语e.g. There is some milk in the bottle . There comes the bus . 3. 主语+不及物动词+ 动词不定式e.g. They stopped to take a short rest . (他们停下来稍作休息)特别提醒动词stop 可用作不及物动词，也可用作
5、及物动词。作不及物动词时, 通常后接动词不定式,表示停下来的目的是做另一件事。作及物动词时，通常后接动名词,表示停止做这件事。 e.g. They stopped taking a rest . 句型二 ：主语+系动词+表语系动词本身不能表达完整的意念没，需要形容词，名词，介词短语等来补充说明主语，也叫主语补语。e.g. My sister is a nurse .I feel quite hungry . The ball is under the desk . 句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受者（宾语），才可以表达一个完整的意念。e.g. We are learn
6、ing English . Do you know him ? Your radio needs repairing . She hopes to see her uncle. 句型四：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 有些及物动词需要两个宾语才能表达一个完整意念。e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt. Give me the book, please.特别提醒A. 在此句型中， 通常是间接宾语（人）在前，直接宾语（物）在后，有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调，这时间接宾语前应加上适当的介词。e.g. Her mother bought a skirt for h
7、er . Give the book to me , please . 直接宾语与间接宾语对调时，间接宾语前加介词to的动词有：give(给), tell(告诉) , lend(借给) , sell(卖), teach(教) , send(寄给), write(写给), show(出示) , return(还给), bring(带给), pass(递给), leave(留给), offer(提供), hand(交给) 间接宾语前加介词for的动词有：buy(买), choose(选择), get (弄到), make(做), order(订购), sing (唱歌), do (做), play
8、(演奏) B. 如果直接宾语为人称代词那么必须把直接宾放在间接宾语前，且间接宾语前要加上适当的介词。e.g. I handed it to our teacher . 不能说：I handed our teacher it .C. 此句型变为被动语态时，可分为两种情况。e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt .a. She was bought a skirt by her mother . b. A skirt was bought for her by her mother. 句型五：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语及物动词本身需要一个宾语外， 还需要一个名词
9、，形容词，副词, 动词不定式，分词来补充说明宾语，才能表达一个完整的意念。e.g. We elected Li Yang our monitor. The news made us sad. She saw the thief steal into the shop . The teacher asked me to answer the question .I found the man stealing the money . I found my money stolen .特别提醒A. 现在分词为宾语补足语时，宾语与现在分词之间是主动关系；过去分词为宾语补足语时,宾语与过去分词之间是被
10、动关系。B. 在let(让)，make(使得)，have（请，让，使得），see(看)，hear(听到)，watch(观看)，feel(感觉到)，listen to (倾听)，look at (看到)，notice(注意到)等动词后的宾语补足语如果为不定式， 则省掉”to”,但变为被动语态时， 则要带”to”.e.g. We hear her sing next door. She is heard to sing next door .C. 此句型变为被动语态时，只有一种情况。e.g. They saw him steal the old mans money. He was seen to
11、 steal the old mans money .【五个基本句型的基础过关练习题专项一】一、S + V（主语不及物动词）这种句型简称为主谓结构。不及物动词是指那些本身意义已完整，后面不需要接宾语的动词，如come, go, swim, appear, run, arrive, fall等。如： Did you go by sea？你们走的是海路吗？ No, we flew. 不，我们是坐飞机去的。有时，不及物动词后面会跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如：Why dont you come at once when I call you? 我叫你时，你为什么不马上来？【练习导航】. 根据汉语完成下
12、列英语句子，每空一词。1. 他在听。 He _ _.2. 昨晚你睡得好吗？Did you _ _ last night?3. 这场雨持续了两个小时。 The rain _ _ two hours. 4. 事物总是变化的。 Things always _.5. 他来中国的梦想实现了。 His dream to China _ _ _. . 单项选择( )6. An MP5 player of this type costs too much. Youd better _. A. wait B. waiting C. waited D. to wait( )7. It _ outside. I h
13、ave to stay at home.A. rain B. is raining C. rained D. has rained( )8. Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?Yes, I did. My uncle _ in the match. A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. will play( )9. What did your father say just now?Sorry, I dont know. I _ on the phone.A. am talking B
14、. talk C. was talking D. have talked ( )10. You _ first and I _ behind. A. go; was following B. will go; follow C. will go; followed D. go; will follow二、S + V + P（主语系动词表语）系动词通常与表语一起构成系表结构，用来说明主语的性质、特点或状态等。表语通常由名词、形容词、代词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。常见的系动词有be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, get, grow, t
15、urn, become, stay, seem等。如：All her friends are now outside the door. 她的所有朋友现在都在门外。The milk turned sour. 牛奶变酸了。【练习导航】翻译下面的汉语句子。1. 他感到有点累。_2. 这听起来是个好主意。_3. 海伦在家吗？_4. 我的电脑在书房里。_5. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。_6. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。_7. 问题是你想干什么。_8. 他总是乐于助人。_9. 这盘菜闻起来不错。_10. 那个女孩是我的妹妹。_三、S + V + O（主语及物动词宾语）及物动词后面必须接宾语才能表达一个完整的意
16、思。宾语是动作的承受者，一般由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词等充当。如：Hes having lunch. 他正在吃午餐。 I prefer standing. 我宁愿站着。He promised to lend me some books. 他答应借给我几本书。【练习导航】. 找出下列句子的宾语。1. He handed in his homework this morning. _2. Help yourself to some soup, Jim. _3. He forgot which way to go. _4. Would you mind waiting for a few mi
17、nutes? _5. Ill do what I can. _. 根据汉语完成下列英语句子，每空一词。6. 你认识这些人吗？Do you _ _ _?7. 今天早上他完成了报告。He _ _ _ this morning.8. 现在我来自我介绍一下。Now Ill _ _. 9. 他已经决定搬到北京去了。He has decided _ _ _ Beijing.10. 我不记得事故是什么时候发生的。I dont remember _ the accident _.四、S + V + IO + DO（主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语）有些及物动词，如hand, give, throw, lend,
18、sing, read, write, buy, leave, make, pass, tell, get 等可以带双宾语，一个宾语指人，称为间接宾语；另一个指物，称为直接宾语。及物动词带双宾语通常有以下两种结构：1. 及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 2. 及物动词+直接宾语+to / for+间接宾语【练习导航】. 找出下列句子中的直接宾语。1. She gave me her telephone number. _2. Bring me some water, please. _3. Ill make you some fresh tea. _4. He sang us a folk song
19、. _5. She showed me her paintings. _. 将下列句子改为同义句。6. Tom gave me a nice pen. Tom _ a nice pen _ me. 7. My mother bought my little sister a pink skirt. My mother _ a pink skirt _ my little sister.8. She cooked us a delicious meal. She _ a delicious meal _ us. 9. Tim showed me his nice T-shirt. Tim _ h
20、is nice T-shirt _ me. 10. She made me a cup of coffee. She _ a cup of coffee _ me.【温馨提示】某些动词引导的间接宾语可改为to引导的短语，这类动词有give, hand, show, send, bring, pass, lend, teach, tell, write, throw, sell, email等。如：Can you lend us your car? 你能把车借给我们吗？Can you lend your car to us? 某些动词引导的间接宾语可改为for引导的短语，这类动词有buy, pl
21、ay, get, make, order, choose, sing, pay等。如：My uncle bought me a watch. 我叔叔给我买了一块表。My uncle bought a watch for me.五、S + V + O + OC（主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语）有些及物动词加上宾语后，它的意思表达还是不完整，这就需要再加上一个补足语来使句子的意思完整。宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式、V-ing形式等充当。如：Please dont call me Lucy. 请不要叫我露西。I found the box empty. 我发现箱子是空的。Th
22、e teacher told us to do some exercises. 老师要我们做一些练习题。【练习导航】. 找出下列句子中的宾语补足语。1. They call their daughter Mary. _2. Dont leave me behind. _3. I wish you to be happy. _4. I saw her chatting with Nancy. _5. Good food keeps you healthy. _. 翻译下面的汉语句子。6. 他们请我和他们一道去。_7. 我刚才看见她在跟简谈话。_8. 你认为这部电影精彩吗？_9. 你建议我做什么？
23、 _10. 你注意到他进来了吗？_六、there be句型 there be句型主要用来表示“某地有某物或某人”。如果be动词后面有两个或两个以上的主语，be动词的选用需要遵循“就近原则”。如： There is a dictionary, three books and a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一本字典，三本书和一支钢笔。【练习导航】. 单项选择( ) 1. There _ ice on the road last week.A. was B. were C. will be D. are( ) 2. There _ a football match on the pl
24、ayground this afternoon.A. will have B. is going to have C. is have D. is going to be ( ) 3. There _ to be something wrong with him.A. is B. was C. seems D. are ( ) 4. There will be enough food for everybody, _?A. wont it B. wont there C. isnt it D. arent there( ) 5. There_more than two hundred peop
25、le killed in road accidents since last month. A. was B. were C. have been D. are . 根据汉语完成下列英语句子，每空一词。6. 一个男孩正在院子里和一只小狗玩。_ _ a boy _ with a dog in the yard. 7. 以前在街道拐角处有一家商店。_ _ _ _ a shop on the corner of the street. 8. 可能会有一个更好的办法来做这件事。_ _ _ a better way to do this. 9. 没有空气就没有声音._ _ _ sound without
26、 air. 10. 没有时间再等你了。_ _ no time _ _ _ ou.【五个基本句型的基础过关练习题专项二】练习一：主谓结构基本句型 汉译英练习说明：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，The sun rises.主语可有修饰语-定语，如，The red sun rises.谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east翻译下面的练习题：1. 你应当努力学习。 2. 她昨天回家很晚。 3. 那天早上我们谈了很多。 4. 会议将持续两个小时。 5. 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 练习二：主系表结构基本
27、句型 汉译英练习 说明：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound. （2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand. （3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow.翻译下面的练习题：1. 我的兄弟都是大学生。 2. 冬季白天短，夜晚长。 3. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。 4. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5. 孩子
28、们，请保持安静。 练习三：主谓宾结构基本句型（一）汉译英练习 说明： 此结构是由主语+谓语+宾语够成。其中的谓语动词须是及物的动词或及物的动词词组。宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。翻译下面的练习题：1. 昨晚我写了一封信。 2. 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3. 这本书他读过多次了。 4. 他们成功地完成了计划。 5. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 练习三：主谓宾结构基本句型（二）汉译英练习 说明： 此结构中的谓语动词常常是动词词组,分两种情况:1.及物动词+副词，2.不及物动词+介词。翻译下面的练习题：1. 我不信任那个人。 2. 他指出了我的作文中的错误。 3. 圣诞节我们将去看望外籍教师。
29、4. 你们必须在课后把练习本交上来。 5. 五分钟内我们是不可能解出这道题来的。 练习四：双宾语结构基本句型汉译英练习 说明：此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）组成。如，He brings me cookies every day.She made me a beautiful dress.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for,如，He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for
30、侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,等。（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等。翻译下面的练习题：1. Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。 4. 请把那本字
31、典递给我好吗？ 5. 他把车票给列车员看。 练习五：复合宾语结构基本句型汉译英练习 说明: 此结构由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语构成。宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有，名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词。如， The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut. 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。即 主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾补 + 真正宾语。如， I found it very pleas
32、ant to be with your family.翻译下面的练习题：1. 我们叫她Alice. 2. 他的父母给他取名为John. 3. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4. 他们把门推开了。 5. 他们把小偷释放了。 练习六：There be 句型基本句型汉译英练习 说明： 此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达存在有，一种无主语的有。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来
33、有 there will be/there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等。翻译下面的练
34、习题：1. 今晚没有会。 2. 这个村子过去只有一口井。 3. 这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 4. 客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5. 天气预报说下午有大风。 2012届高三英语语法总复习：英语中的五个基本句型【五个基本句型的基础过关练习题专项一】答案一、. 1. is listening 2. sleep well 3. lasted for 4. change 5. has come true . 6-10 ABBCD二、 1. He feels a little tired. 2. It sounds a good idea. 3. Is Helen in? 4. My
35、computer is in the study. 5. His dream is to become a doctor. 6. My favorite sport is swimming.7. The question is what you want to do. 8. He is always ready to help others.9. The dish smells good. 10. The girl is my sister.三、. 1. his homework 2. yourself 3. which way to go 4. waiting 5. what I can.
36、6. know these people 7. finished his report 8. introduce myself 9. to move to 10. when; happened四、. 1. her telephone number 2. some water 3. some fresh tea 4. a folk song 5. her paintings. 6. gave; to 7. bought; for 8. cooked; for 9. showed; to 10. made; for 五、. 1. Mary 2. behind 3. to be happy 4. c
37、hatting with Nancy 5. healthy . 6. They asked me to go with them. 7. I saw her talking with Jane just now.8. Do you think the movie wonderful?9. What do you advise me to do? 10. Did you notice him come in? 六、. 1-5 ADCBC. 6. There is; playing 7. There used to be 8. There might be 9. There is no 10. T
38、here is; to wait for【五个基本句型的基础过关练习题专项二】答案练习一：主谓结构基本句型 汉译英练习1. You should study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday evening. 3. That morning we talked a great deal. 4. The meeting will last two hours. 5. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 练习二：主系表结构基本句型 汉译英练习
39、1. My brothers are all college students. 2. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 5. Children, keep quiet please. 练习三：主谓宾结构基本句型（一）汉译英练习 1.I wrote a letter last night.2.I want to talk with you this
40、afternoon.3.He has read this book many times.4.They have carried out the plan successfully.5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.练习三：主谓宾结构基本句型（二）汉译英练习 1. I dont believe in(介) that man. 2. He pointed out（副） the mistakes in my composition. 3. On Christmas Day, we will call on（介）our foreig
41、n teachers. 4. You must hand in（副） your exercise-books after class. 5. We cannot work out（副） the problem in five minutes. 练习四：双宾语结构基本句型汉译英练习 1. Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3. Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4. Would you pleas
42、e pass me the dictionary? 5. He showed the ticket to the conductor. 练习五：复合宾语结构基本句型汉译英练习 1. We call her Alice. 2. His parents named him John. 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. They pushed the door open. 5. They have set the thief free. 练习六：There be 句型基本句型汉译英练习 1. There isnt going to be a meeting tonight. 2. There was only a well in the village. 3. There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. 4. Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. 5. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.
