1、专题六 书面表达全国卷3年考情统计表年份卷别体裁题材题型2019全国卷书信申请做伦敦中国画展志愿者提纲类半开放全国卷电子邮件告知队友Chris球队近期将参加比赛和注意事项提纲类半开放全国卷电子邮件邀请英国朋友Allen参加学校即将举办的音乐节提纲类半开放2018全国卷电子邮件餐桌礼仪提纲类半开放全国卷书面通知通知大家观看一部英语短片Growing Together提纲类半开放全国卷书信学校学生体育运动提纲类半开放2017全国卷邮件告知英国朋友Leslie学习汉语计划提纲类半开放全国卷邮件邀请外教Henry一起参观中国剪纸提纲类半开放全国卷邮件邀请留学生朋友Eric参加校乒乓球队提纲类半开放写作
2、是听、说、读、写四项语言技能中不可分割的一个重要部分,更是语言生成能力的重要表现形式。根据近几年高考书面表达试题来看,全国卷书面表达命题有以下几个特点:1体裁和题材相对稳定。近几年高考书面表达命题形式严格按照高考考纲的要求,提供一定的汉语提示或英文提示,让考生在提示的基础上进行适当的发挥。选材内容都与学生的学习、生活以及共同关注的社会焦点和热门话题息息相关,均为学生熟悉的人或事,贴近学生的生活,有利于学生组织材料,易于写作。命题强调了实际运用理念,突出了生活特色,体现了较为鲜明的时代性、思想性和人文关怀。体裁以应用文为主,其中不乏对记叙文或其他文体的考查,充分突出了写作的实用性。2提纲类写作成
3、为考查的重中之重。考试大纲指出,高考英语书面表达的提示形式有图画、图表、提纲等。从上表可以看出,提纲类已经成为高考书面表达的主流。“提纲类”是指写作信息和写作要求以提纲的形式出现,并为考生提供写作内容的要点,帮助考生更好地完成写作任务。3内容词数,半开放写作。高考书面表达要求考生根据所给提示写作。写作的内容是受限制的,不过近几年书面表达更趋向于“半开放”类型。每篇文章考查多少要点都是一定的,在审题时要分析出该篇文章有哪些要点必须要写。另外,短文的体裁、人称、词数都有严格的限制,有时还限定短文的开头和结尾,因此写作自由发挥的空间不是很大。1高考英语应用文写作的八个话题包括:申请、建议、介绍、咨询
4、、邀请、道歉、感谢和通知,要掌握各类应用信件的写作要领,积累并熟记话题相关的词汇和句式并研读范文,做好以话题为核心的文章写作。2高分作文五大要素:审题立意准确;覆盖所有内容要点;词句表达得体,使用靓丽地道的词汇和高级句式结构;篇章结构安排合理,一般为 23 段;书法工整美观。3写作五步成文训练方法:第一步 审题构思巧设计,头脑风暴来拓展审题时要注意,一是确定体裁、格式、主体时态、要点要求等内容,做到心中有数;二是明确哪些内容需要表达,哪些无需表达;哪些需要详写,哪些需要略写;哪些内容可以整合。另外,写作的提纲只是给出了文章的大体框架、主要内容,需要我们围绕关键词开拓思路,发挥联想,对这些提纲进
5、行细化和拓展。我们需要做的是将要点逐项列出,做好写作前的要点整理工作。头脑风暴把写作联想和拓展的表达分成三部分:词汇组、短语组和句组。第二步 汉英表达巧转换,低级错误要避免在第一步基础上,接下来就是对各要点句进行准确翻译的过程。要点的正确表达能充分体现考生的语言基本功,而过多的错误表达会影响作文的档次。在写作中易犯的 5 类惯性错误主要有:(1)动词类错误。动词的种类有很多,从句法功能上可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词;根据句子成分可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词等。a实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。写作中常出现的错误有:及物动词后跟了介词;不及物动词后少了介词。介词不能独立在句中作成
6、分。介词一定要带宾语,其必须与名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语。常见错误除了前面提及的实义动词后介词的多余和缺失外,还包括由于英汉语言的差异而造成介词的多用或错用。b系动词 be 在写作中非常活跃,但要用好 be 动词却不是一件容易的事。常见错误有:不及物动词与 be 动词构成了被动语态;该含有 be 动词的句子出现遗漏 be的情况。c助动词和情态动词不能单独作谓语,写作中常见的错误主要是倒装句中少用了助动词或情态动词。d谓语动词与非谓语动词的误用是考生最易出错的地方。需要注意:谓语动词作谓语,包括时态、语态、主谓一致、虚拟语气;非谓语动词作除谓语以外的其他成分。以下是习作中常见的错误:Welc
7、ome to join in us and enjoy it!解析:“join in us”中 in 为多余的介词,故去掉。join sb.意为“加入某人(一起做某事)”。Whats more,every one of you will be welcome to take part in it,enjoying the movie,having a heated discussion afterwards and give your own comments.解析:“give your own comments”中 give 和前面enjoying,having 为并列的非谓语动词,故将 g
8、ive 改为giving。It is believed that the movie will not only meaningful but also interesting.解析:“the movie will not only meaningful”中情态动词后不能直接加形容词,应在 will 后加 be 动词。There has a comedy at 7:30 this evening.解析:There be 句型表示“存在”关系,have 表示“所属”关系,两者不能混合在一个句子中,has 改为 is。(2)形容词、副词类错误。英语书面表达中形容词、副词的错误主要是由考生对其用法掌
9、握不够牢固而造成的。下面主要介绍书面表达中易出错的形容词、副词的用法:a形容词主要说明事物或人的性质或特征,写作时需要注意以下两点:只能作表语的形容词无比较等级。如:afraid 害怕的,asleep 睡着的,alive 活着的,alone 单独的,awake醒着的,alike 十分相似的,等。有的形容词本身就有比较的概念或者表示绝对概念或已达极限,此类形容词无比较等级。如:favorite 特别喜爱的,perfect 完美的,superior 更高/好的,excellent极好的,wonderful 绝妙的,absolute 绝对的等。b副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子,写作时需要注意以
10、下两点:大多数形容词加-ly 后成为副词。考生需要注意几个特殊的副词变换形式。如果单词本身具有形容词和副词两种词性,该单词加-ly 的副词形式多表示抽象含义。如:close/closely 靠近(通常指距离)/密切地,仔细地;wide/widely 宽阔/广泛地;high/highly 高/高高地,高标准地;deep/deeply 深/深刻地,等。有些词虽然以-ly 结尾,但不是副词而是形容词,在写作时一定要注意。如:friendly 友好的,lovely 可爱的,lively 生气勃勃的,lonely 孤独的,deadly 致命的,orderly 有秩序的,manly 有男子汉气概的,dai
11、ly 每日的,weekly 每周的,yearly 每年的,等。以下是习作中常见错误:My most favorite season is spring.解析:favorite 表示“特别喜爱的”,没有最高级形式,故去掉 most。During this holiday,you will feel comfortably and you can go for a picnic with your close friends.解析:feel 为系动词,后应跟形容词作表语,故comfortably 应改为 comfortable。I am fond of spring,not only becaus
12、e of its beautifully scenery but also its implication,which stands for hope.解析:修饰名词 scenery 应用形容词,故 beautifully改为 beautiful。(3)冠词和代词类错误在英语书面表达中经常出现,这是由于考生对基础知识掌握不牢或粗心而造成的。a英语中的冠词只有 a,an,the 三个词,它们被用来修饰名词或限定形容词。写作中需要注意以下两点:a,an 都表示泛指,an 用在以元音音素开头的单词前,a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前;无论可数名词还是不可数名词,只要表示特指都要用 the;不可数名词表
13、示泛指时,其前不用任何冠词;单数可数名词加不定冠词或者无冠词的复数形式均可以表示泛指。在某些搭配中,有无冠词,含义是不同的。如:in front of 在前面/in the front of 在前部,at table在吃饭/at the table 在桌旁,go to school 上学/go to the school 去学校,in hospital 住院/in the hospital 在医院里,等。b书面表达中常见的代词错误:人称代词主格和宾格的误用。主格在句子中充当主语,宾格在句子中作宾语,它们都有单复数。形容词性和名词性物主代词的误用。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,置于名词前,在句中
14、常作定语。名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上名词,所以相当于名词,后面不能再加名词,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。反身代词的误用。反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,应在人称、性别、数上保持一致。以下是习作中常见错误:I would make a introduction to it.解析:introduction 的读音以元音音素开头,其前的不定冠词应用 an。The“Foreign Culture”section in our newspaper is very popular among our students.解析:our students 用词不当。既然作者也是学生,就不
15、能说“我们的学生”,而应说“我们学生”,此处应用 us students。You must have good command of knowledge about your country.解析:表示“精通,通晓”应用 have a good command of。And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans enjoy them in their holidays and festivals,and American high school students life.解析:enjoy 后跟反身代词表示“玩得很高兴
16、”,此处 them 应改为 themselves。(4)名词、分词型形容词类错误在英语书面表达中也较为常见。为避免这些错误,考生要学会区分可数名词、不可数名词以及掌握名词复数形式;要学会区分写人和状物的分词型形容词的区别。a 常 误 加 不 定 冠 词 或 复 数 的 不 可 数 名 词:information 信息,news 新闻,housework 家务活,advice建议,fun 乐趣,weather 天气,progress 进步,wealth财富,equipment 设备,luggage/baggage 行李,access入口,通道等。b由动词转换来的形容词,-ed 型形容词用来描述人
17、的感觉,表示“(某人)感到的”;ing 型形容词用来描述引发此感觉的人或物,表示“令人的”。特别注意在名词 look,expression 等前一般用-ed 型形容词。以下是习作中常见错误:I am exciting to tell you a good news.解析:此处表示“(人)感到兴奋的”,故应用 excited;而表示“令人兴奋的”应用 exciting。news 为不可数名词,此处应去掉 a。Protect the environment is the theme of the show.解析:动词短语“Protect the environment”不能作主语,应把 Prote
18、ct 改为 Protecting,动名词短语作主语。If you are interest,you are welcome to participate.解析:interest 可作动词或名词,但此处位于 are 后应用形容词,表示“感兴趣的”,故应用 interested。I remember you showed me some photo on that theme last time you visited our school.解析:photo 为可数名词,既然是一些照片,就应该用 photo 的复数形式 photos。(5)并列连词与从句引导词的用法也是考生容易出错的地方,下面主要
19、介绍常见的一些错误类型。a考生易受汉语干扰,导致状语从句中从属连词的重复使用。例如汉语中可以说“因为所以”和“虽然但是”,但在英语中用一个连词即可表示,用了 though/although,就不能再用 but;用了 because,就不要再用 so,therefore 等词。b写作中经常用同位语从句给文章增色添彩,但是引导词 that 的缺失却令这种色彩暗淡了不少。c表语从句的一个易错点是高级表达“The reason why.is/was that.”中 that 的 误 用,考 生 容 易 误 用because。d非限制性定语从句中误用 that 在作文中经常会见到,用 which 表示人
20、的状况也是屡见不鲜。以下是习作中常见错误:Im writing to tell you good news our schools table tennis team is looking for new members.解析:news 后的句子为同位语从句,应用 that 引导该从句且不能省略 that,故 news 后加 that。Since you are good at table tennis,so Id like you to take this opportunity to join our school team.解析:Since 引导原因状语从句,逗号后应为主句,so 为多余
21、的词,应去掉。Athletes from our school team have won many gold medals of table tennis contests in recent years,of that we are very proud.解析:years 后为非限制性定语从句,此处介词后的引导词应用 which。第三步 靓词佳句细推敲,逻辑表达显文化词汇要美,就要多使用较高级词汇。那么何为较高级词汇?众所周知,词汇本来并没有“高低贵贱”之分,但某个词汇一旦放在了具体语境中,如果使用极为得当,则能体现该词的美妙价值,为句子增色,让文章添彩,它就是较高级词汇。实现由较低级词汇
22、向较高级词汇的转化,就要注意积累,例如:helpful替换成beneficial/rewarding;good 替换成 outstanding/extraordinary/perfect;know替换成 be aware(of)等。句式单一、缺乏生气的文章,哪怕无任何错误也不可能得高分。精彩句式的合理使用会使文章增加亮点,提高档次。考生在写作时应多运用一些高级句式和复合句,并注意句式的灵活多变,让文章读起来抑扬顿挫,让深厚的语言功底得以体现,让作文跨上高层次。升级句式时,可从两方面着手:利用复合句和非谓语动词,提升文章档次;利用特殊句式,彰显能力水平。常用高级写作词汇:名词普通词汇高级词汇普通
23、词汇高级词汇chanceopportunitychoicealternativeideaopinionpeopleindividualsresultconsequence shortcomingdrawback动词havepossessreplacesubstitutebearput up withunderstandmake sense ofdeveloppromoteconsidertake into account形容词enoughadequaterichabundantproperappropriateimportantvital/significantinterestingabsor
24、bing/appealingdifficultchallenging副词finallyeventuallyhardlybarelyimmediatelyin a flashnowadayscurrently连词sothereforeandas well as第四步 龙头凤尾细打磨,地道新颖添风采近三年高考英语全国卷的书面表达多以应用文为主,一般要求写一封书信,书信一般有自己专门的开头格式。但固有的、模式化的开头会让阅卷老师多读生厌、疲惫不堪,因此要想给阅卷老师留下好的第一印象,就得有一个引人入胜、新颖别致的开头,这能够激发阅卷老师的兴趣,博得好感。有了一个好的开头,若再加上一个画龙点睛的结尾,
25、那就真可谓锦上添花,无可挑剔了。“头好一半文”“尾好更添韵”说的就是开头和结尾的重要性,例如求职信的开头和结尾范句:Im writing to apply for the position of.Learning from.,Id like to apply for the post.I would be grateful if you could consider my application/give me the chance.I hope to have the opportunity of an interview.第五步 规范誊写成美文,实力颜值冠群芳通过以上四步的逐步落实,细节完
26、善,一篇美文已经形成,但若要保证完美还得整洁地誊写到卷面上,也就是提升书面表达的“颜值”。因为阅卷老师在有限的时间里必须快速高效地评卷,书写潦草的卷面会使长时间工作已经很疲劳的阅卷老师产生厌倦,从而得不到高分。因此字体工整、卷面整洁的文章更容易吸引眼球、先声夺人,并得到阅卷老师的认真对待,也更容易被发现亮点。卷面书写应符合英文书写习惯,字母的大小和字母之间的距离要匀称,无涂改、增补现象,切忌乱涂乱画。第一节 提纲类作文(2019全国卷)假定你是李华,暑期在伦敦学习,得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请写一封信申请做志愿者,内容包括:1写信目的;2个人优势;3能做的事情。注意:1.词数100左右;
27、2可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;3结束语已为你写好。【写作思路】试题要求考生给中国画展览的组织者写一封申请信,申请做一名志愿者。本篇书面表达可用三段写作:第一段是导语段,包括自我介绍、写信背景和写信目的;第二段是主体段,主要陈述自己具备的优势和自己能做的事情;最后一段是结尾段,表示希望申请被批准。【参考范文】Dear Sir,I am Li Hua,a student from China,who is studying in London during the summer holiday.Knowing an exhibition of Chinese painting will be
28、held at the gallery next month,I am writing to apply for the chance to become a volunteer.I have the following advantages.First of all,I speak English fluently,which allows me to communicatewith visitors without difficulty.Second,as a Chinese painting lover,I know a lot about this art form.If accept
29、ed,I can introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors,which can help them know more about Chinese culture.I think I am qualified to be a volunteer.Please give me a chance.Yours,Li Hua【一句多译】My name is Li Hua,and I am a Chinese student studying in London during the summer holiday.表达方式一:I know that th
30、ere will be an exhibition of Chinese painting at the gallery next month,so I am writing to apply to become a volunteer.表达方式二:I know that the gallery will host an exhibition of Chinese painting,so I am writing to recommend myself as a volunteer.First,I am so good at English that I can communicate wit
31、h native speakers without difficulty.一、常见命题形式提纲作文就是把文章的情景和内容要求分成块,以条目的形式列出,请考生据此进行写作。这实际上是对考生思路和文章写作范围所作的明确限定。因此,提纲中所列举的要点要全部涉及,一个也不能遗漏。为了提高文章档次,考生应在保证内容要点齐全的同时进行合理而又紧扣主题的发挥。因此,该类型的书面表达具有一定的灵活性,能较好地体现考生的英语思维能力。二、命题特点书信邮件类及其他信息类作文一般是以提纲式作文的形式出现进行考查的。命题人往往通过给定写作要点,或者较为宽泛的要求,让考生紧紧围绕中心进行写作。写作技巧有:认真审题,确定
32、“基调”。通过题目所给的文字信息,加以适当的细节,确定文章的主题、表述要点、文体、时态及人称等。列出提纲,明确主题。首先弄清题目与提纲之间的关系。提纲只是对文章的提示和概括,但不是主题句。需要根据提纲的性质,写出完整的、体现主旨的句子,使之成为主题句。围绕主题,细化扩展。要使整篇习作内容充实,言之有理,且层次感强,考生在写作过程中必须紧紧围绕主题展开具体叙述,且要注意句与句、段与段之间的连贯性。有始有终,防虎头尾蛇。一篇优秀的习作,开头和结尾部分尤为重要。习作之始,必须能够吸引读者的眼球,让其有强烈的愿望读下去;收尾之处要有力度,切勿拖泥带水,要既能体现作者的总结(或愿望、态度等),又能发人深
33、思。以2019全国卷书面表达为例,采用五步作文训练方法,实现书面表达有话可说、有话会说、说得地道得体,克服英语写作“障碍”:第一步 审题构思巧设计,头脑风暴来拓展体裁:应用文之申请信;题材:申请做画展志愿者时态:一般现在时人称:本文的主要人称应为第一人称头脑风暴:词汇组position n 职位application n.申请qualification n.资格;学历opportunity n.机会requirement n.要求thoughtful/considerate adj.考虑周到的confident adj.自信的;确信的diligent adj.勤奋的strong-willed
34、adj.意志坚强的intelligent adj.聪明的;明智的capable adj.有能力的;有才能的outgoing adj.友好的;外向的full-time/part-time adj.全职的/兼职的well-paid adj.薪水高的短语组:be good at 擅长apply for 申请graduate from 毕业于major in 主修be qualified for 适合;胜任working experience 工作经验have a good command of 精通be skilled in 在方面熟练be fit for 适合feel equal to 感觉能胜任
35、be open to 乐于接受be responsible for 对负责be enthusiastic about 对热心be always ready to help sb.乐于助人make such brilliant achievement 取得如此辉煌的成就on her way to success 在她成功的路上do well in my studies 我学习一直非常好句组1Im very glad to learn volunteers are wanted as a Chinese Painting Exhibition will be held in the local a
36、rt museum of the city.Id like to have a try.我很高兴得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展需要志愿者服务。我想试一试。2With reference to your requirements,I have the pleasure to say that I am just the person you are asking for.关于志愿者条件,我很高兴地说,我就是你们要找的人。3Besides,having a good knowledge of Chinese paintings because of my familiarity with Chine
37、se painting culture,I can get foreign friends and the locals to know more about it.此外,由于谙熟中国绘画文化,非常了解中国绘画,我可以让外国友人和当地人更加了解中国绘画。4Id appreciate it if you could give me the opportunity.Im looking forward to your early reply.如果您能给我这次机会我将感激不尽,盼望您早日答复。5Now that I am a university student,I should learn to
38、be independent of my parents help.既然我已经是一个大学生了,就应当学着独立,不靠父母的帮助。6Personally,I prefer to work in a team,which offers me a chance to learn how to get along with others and how to share my experience with them.就我个人而言,我喜欢在团队中工作,这给我提供了一个来学习如何与他人相处,如何与他们分享我的经验的机会。第二步 汉英表达巧转换,低级错误要避免(1)我的名字叫李华,是一个开朗的男孩,正在伦敦
39、学习。Im Li Hua,outgoing boy,who is studying in London.解析:outgoing boy前面加不定冠词an。(2)得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展需要志愿者服务,我很高兴,写这封申请信,希望能获得这个机会。Having learned that a Chinese Painting Exhibition will hold in the local art museum of the city,Im more than happy to apply for the opportunity to be a volunteer.解析:hold改为be he
40、ld,应该使用被动语态。(3)首先,我从小时候就开始学习英语,16年的中国生活让我精通英语和汉语,有益于介绍中国画。First of all,having lived in China for sixteen years and having learnt English since I was a child,I have a good command of English and Chinese,this is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings.解析:this改为which,这里应该使用关系代词which引导定语从句。第三步 靓词佳句
41、细推敲,逻辑表达显文化(1)Besides,having a good knowledge of Chinese paintings because of my familiarity with Chinese painting culture,I can get foreigners and the locals to know more about it.解析:这里foreigners有不礼貌的排外情绪,可以选择使用foreign friends等。(2)Last but not least,through my introduction and efforts,I believe,I c
42、an strengthen the friendship between China and England.解析:friendship between China and England表达中英友谊,用词夸张,可以选择使用 promote mutual understanding between Chinese and English people.第四步 龙头凤尾细打磨,地道新颖添风采申请信常用开头和结尾:Im writing to recommend myself.Im writing to you in the hope of.Id appreciate it if you could
43、.I would like to have the opportunity of.I will be greatly obliged for your kind consideration.第五步 规范誊写成美文,实力颜值冠群芳Dear Sir,Im Li Hua,an outgoing boy,who is studying in London.I am writing to apply to be a volunteer of your team,having heard that a Chinese Painting Exhibition will be held in the loca
44、l art museum of the city.I have some advantages for the job.First of all,having lived in China for sixteen years and having learnt English since I was a child,I have agood command of English and Chinese,which is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings.Besides,having a good knowledge of Chinese
45、paintings because of my familiarity with Chinese painting culture,I can get foreign friends and the locals to know more about it.Last but not least,through my introduction and efforts,I believe,I can promote mutual understanding between Chinese and English people.I would appreciate it if you could t
46、ake my application into consideration.Yours sincerely,Li Hua(2017全国卷)假定你是李华,正在教你的英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下次上课的计划。内容包括:1时间和地点;2内容:学习唐诗;3课前准备:简要了解唐朝的历史。注意:1.词数100左右;2可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。【参考范文】Dear Leslie,I am delighted to know you are interested in Tang poems.Now Im writing to tell you the plan for the nex
47、t class.Actually I am very fond of Tang poems.I think it great fun to learn the poems written in the Tang Dynasty with you.We are to meet on Sunday morning in the Peoples Park,where the air is fresh and the scenery isbeautiful.We will learn from 8:00 am to 10:00 am.Besides,I advise you to go to the
48、bookstore to borrow a history book and learn the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance,which can help you better understand the poems to be learned.If you have any questions,please let me know.Looking forward to your early replyYours,Li Hua【一句多译】表达方式一:I consider it quite interesting to learn the po
49、ems written in the Tang Dynasty with you.表达方式二:I am sure it is worthwhile to learn the poems written in the Tang Dynasty with you.表达方式一:We are to meet on Sunday morning in the Peoples Park,where the air is fresh and the scenery is fantastic.表达方式二:We are to meet on Sunday morning in the Peoples Park because it is a good place to study in.