1、语 法第1讲非谓语动词1在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）。各种形式见下表：to have been doing 完成进行式 to have been done to have done 完成式 to be doing 进行式 to be done to do一般式被动主动语态时态1.不定式2在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）。各种形式见下表：完成进行式 having been done having don
2、e 完成式进行式being done doing一般式被动主动语态时态2.动名词/现在分词33.过去分词只有done一种形式 4.非谓语动词的否定否定形式：not+不定式/动名词/现在分词在历年的考试中，非谓语动词都是重点考查对象，也是学生学习和掌握的难点。下面结合例句，对它的用法做出分析：4一、非谓语动词作主语或宾语1.动名词或不定式作主语。不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式放 在 谓 语 或 表 语 之 后。作 表 语 的 形 容 词 有：easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessa
3、ry,better,the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough等。Its so nice to hear your voice.动名词与不定式都可作主语或宾语。动名词表习惯、笼统的动作；不定式表具体、一次性动作；分词不能作主语或宾语。5一、非谓语动词作主语或宾语（1）用于表示事物的特征、特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如 easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等，常用It is+adj.+for sb to do sth句型。Its very hard for
4、him to study two languages.（2）一般用于表示人物的性格、品德和表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如:good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right,常用It is+adj.+of sb to do sth句型等。Its very nice of you to help me.6一、非谓语动词作主语或宾语注意：for 与of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of。)He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)7一、非
5、谓语动词作主语或宾语2.只接动名词作宾语的动词。如：admit,suggest,imagine,avoid，risk,appreciate,delay,consider,excuse,fancy,escape,forbid,finish,mind,miss,practice,resist,bear,stand 等。3.只接不定式作宾语的动词。如：agree,refuse,offer,promise,decide,determine,intend,manage,fail,hope,expect,long,wish,tend,desire,plan,pretend 等。4.有些动词是既可以接动名词
6、作宾语，又可以接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。如：remember,stop,mean,regret,go on,forget等。5.need,require,want+doing(=to be done)主动形式表被动意义。8一、非谓语动词作主语或宾语6.注意：有的短语中，to是介词，而不是不定式。常见的带介词to的短语：be used to 习惯于get down to 着手做put ones mind to 全神贯注于give rise to 引起devote oneself to 献身于lead to 导致be opposed to 反对look forward to 盼望object t
7、o 反对9一、非谓语动词作主语或宾语比较:He devoted all he had to helping(help)those in poverty.The day we had looked forward to came(come)at last.Time should be made full use of to study(study)English.I object to being made fun of(make fun of).10二、非谓语动词作宾语补足语1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有:ask，tell，force，get，allow，want，wi
8、sh，like，hate，prefer，intend，expect，encourage，advise，persuade，permit，request，order，warn，cause等,表示宾语或主语执行不定式的动作(具有“主动”的意义),而且不定式的动作多发生在句子谓语动词动作之后(具有“将来”的意义)。My advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills.能作宾语补足语的非谓语动词有不定式、现在分词、过去分词,用哪种非谓语动词形式往往取决于前面动词的句型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的意义。11
9、2.使役动词、感官动词接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。常见的使役动词有make，let，have等;感官动词有see，hear，watch，observe,notice，feel以及look at，listen to等。但是这些动词的被动语态后则要接带to的不定式。Teachers dont make Paul learn.He always works hard.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.He always works hard.二、非谓语动词作宾语补足语123.现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在发生。Dont leave the water r
10、unning while you brush your teeth.4.with 的复合结构with+O.+to do (表将来，主动表被动）with+O.+doing（表主动，进行）with+O.+done（表被动，完成)With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.二、非谓语动词作宾语补足语135.have后的宾语补足语问题 have sb do sth (不带to,表过程）叫（让）某人做某事 have sb/sth doing (强调动作的持续）叫（
11、让）某人（某物）连续不停地做某事 have sth done 请人做某事You should understand the traffic rule by now.Youve had it explained often enough.I wont have you talking to your father like that all day.二、非谓语动词作宾语补足语146.get后的宾语补足语问题 get sb to do sth 让某人做某事 get sb/sth doing 强调动作的持续或使运转起来 get sth done 使某事被某人做Youd better get a do
12、ctor to pull out your bad tooth.二、非谓语动词作宾语补足语15三、非谓语动词作表语1.不定式作表语强调一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。His job is to paint the walls.(一次性的；具体的；目前要做的；并非他的日常工作)His job is painting the walls.(日常工作)2.现在分词作表语，表示主动，正在进行的动作。过去分词作表语，表示被动，已经完成的动作。She looked tired with cooking.He remained standing beside
13、the table.不定式、动名词和分词都可作表语。16四、非谓语动词作状语能作状语的有不定式短语、现在分词短语和过去分词短语。位置用途不定式短语句首目的状语句末原因、结果状语（偶尔一次）现在分词短语句首原因、条件、时间状语句末方式、伴随、结果状语（自然而然的结果，常用逗号）过去分词短语句首时间、条件、原因状语句末补充说明，与句子主语之间有被动关系17有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词,如：when,while,if,though,after,before,as等,但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。While waiting there,he saw two pretty
14、girls come out of the building.(waiting 和saw 的主语相同)四、非谓语动词作状语18四、非谓语动词作状语注意:一些常见的搭配与特殊用法的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语,常称为分词的独立结构，如：generally speaking 一般说来talking/speaking of 说道all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration 全面看来Supposing 假设allowing for 考虑到Judging from his face,he must be il
15、l.Generally speaking,dogs can run faster than pigs.(speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)19五、非谓语动词作定语不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语。1.不定式作定语多和被修饰的名词具有“动宾关系”,即被修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者;如果不定式是不及物动词,就要在不定式动词后面加上相应的介词。如：He only had a small room to live in.There are 5 pairs of shoes to choose from.The chair is very comfortable to sit on.On Su
16、ndays,he always has a lot of letters to write.2.分词作定语。The disc，digitally recorded in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.20六、非谓语动词的特殊结构与句式非谓语动词除了上述几种用法外,还可以用在以下几种特殊结构与句式中。1.“疑问词+不定式”结构：用于这一结构的动词有：decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,exp
17、lain,tell等。Please show us how to do that.There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数。How to put it into practice is a question.21六、非谓语动词的特殊结构与句式非谓语动词除了上述几种用法外,还可以用在以下几种特殊结构与句式中。2.作独立成分的不定式:to tell you the truth 说老实话to begin wit
18、h 首先to say nothing of 姑且不说so to speak 可以这么说to be exact 精确地说to do him justice 说句对他公道的话to be brief 简言之to make a long story short 长话短说to conclude 总而言之to be frank 坦率地说22例 1（2009福建）not to miss the flight at 15:20,the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.To remind D.Having r
19、eminded非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选B。剖析剖析23例 2（2009湖南）When hethe door,he found his keys were nowhere.A.would open B.opened C.had opened D.was to open考查动词不定式的用法。句意为：当他要打开门的时候,他发现他的钥匙不见了。动词不定式表示将要发生的动作。剖析剖析24例 3（2009江西）The government plans to br
20、ing in new lawsparents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.A.forced B.forcing C.to be forced D.having forced考查非谓语动词的用法。现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws,相当于which forces 剖析剖析25例 4(2009海南)Now that weve discussed our problem,are people happy with the decisions?A.taking B.take C.taken D.to take考查“with+宾语+宾语补足语”的用法。句意为：现在,我们已经讨论了问题,是人们最满意的决定吗？take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动。剖析剖析26例 5（2009全国）They use computers to keep the trafficsmoothly.A.being run B.run C.to run D.running考查非谓语动词v.-ing，keep后接doing作宾语。剖析剖析27感谢观赏！28
