1、How do people communicate in our daily life?spoken language written languagefacial expressions hand gesturesposture body language emoticons:Emotion+icon=emoticoneye contactChinese characters are always changing!1.Since you have been learningEnglish for several years,what do you know about the develo
2、pment or history of the English language?2.What do you think is the most difficult part of studying English pronunciation,grammar,vocabulary or something else?3.Do you think English has always stayed the same?4.How did these changes happen?Please go through the Reading strategy and tell me how to re
3、ad a history article.What you have read is a typical history article.When you read a history article,you will notice dates and years in the text,e.g.the 5th century and 1066.Recognizing these details will help you understand the order of events and how pieces of information relate to the rest of the
4、 text.Next time you read a history article,it is a good idea to make a time chart,listing important information,such as times,places and events in the article.1.Notice the dates and years 2.Make a time chart,listing relevant information such as times,places and events,etc.Reading a history articleRe
5、ading a normal textReading comprehensionListen to the tape and finish Part A.1)What is the article about?2)What are the three kinds of Englishdiscussed in the article?English and its history.Old English,Middle English and Modern English.3)In what way is English still changing?English is till changin
6、g in many ways,such as in vocabulary and pronunciation.Part C1 Fill in the blanks with the following dates from the article.5th century 9th century 10th century 1066 14th century 16th century 1.Before the middle of the_,people in Britain did not speak English.2.Modern English began to develop in the
7、 _.3.Almost everyone in England began to speak Middle English in the_.5th century16th century 14th century 4.At the end of the _,Norwegian words began to be used in the English language.5.The Normans occupied England in _.6.By the _,people in England used Old English as the official language.10th ce
8、ntury10669th centuryC2 Answer the following questions using the information from the article.1.Why does the English language have so many rules that confuse people?Because it is made up of the grammar and vocabulary that people from different countries and cultures brought with them to Britain.2.Whe
9、re did the word English come from?It came from the word Engle,as it was spelt in Old English.3.What can words with similar meanings be found in the English language?These words with similar meanings developed because each word came from a different language.4.Who made the greatest contribution to th
10、e development from Old English to Middle English?The French-speaking Normans,who took control of England in 1066.5.Why are many of the words for animals different from those for meat in English?The words for the animals came from Old English,while the words for the meat came from Old French.People i
11、n Britain Who were they?Where were they from?When did they come to Britain?1.the Celtpeople in Britain before the middle of the 5th century2.the Angles,the Saxons and the JutesGermanic tribes from the European mainland after the middle of the 5thCentury3.the Vikingspeople from the Scandinavian count
12、ries at the end of the 9th Century4.the Normanspeople from France In 1066TimeEventsBefore the middle of the 5th centuryAt the end of the 9th centuryBy the 10th centuryIn 1066People in Britain all spokea language called Celtic.Old English was the officiallanguage of England.The Vikings began to move
13、to Britain and brought theirlanguagesThe Normans defeated England and took control of the country.TimeEventsBy the latter halfof the 14th centuryIn 1399During the Renaissance inthe 16th centuryHenry became King ofEngland and used Englishfor all official events.Modern English appeared.English was use
14、d by all classes in England.How is the English language developed?CelticLanguages of Germanic tribesAnglo-SaxonAnglo-SaxonLanguages of VikingsAnglo-SaxonOld EnglishOld EnglishOld EnglishFrenchMiddle EnglishOld English,French,Middle EnglishMiddle EnglishLatin and GreekModern EnglishMiddle English,Lat
15、in and Greek,Modern EnglishWhat are the words for these animals and their meat?Why are the words for their names and their meat different?pork/baconbeefmuttonox/cowsheeppigThe telephone rang and I picked it up?He lifted up both hands and cried to the policeman for help.Anglo-SaxonNorseHow is the voc
16、abulary changed?Which language are they from?I asked John where he was going but he didnt reply.I had to answer a lot of questions.FrenchOld English He raised oxen,cows,sheep and pigson his farm.-What would you like to order,sir?-Well,Id like to have some beef,mutton and pork.Old EnglishFrench Child
17、ren grew out of their shoes quickly.GermanFrenchWrite correct letters in the blanks.1.occupy a.whole2.consist of b.except3.aside from c.enter a place by4.take control of force and begin to 5.entire rule over it6.raise d.take care of e.be made up of f.get power overcebfadComplete it by filling in the
18、 blanks with words from the box.One big difference between British and American English is in _.For example,the Biritish use the word autumn while the Americans use the wordfall.In this case,the older word is autumn.However,about four hundred years ago,the wordautumn was_withfall.vocabularyreplacedL
19、ater,the Biritish returned toautumn,while the Americans still usefall.Of course,people from many different countries came to America and made their_ to American English.Indeed,in American English there are words from major_spoken on EarthMany of these words are absent in British English.contribution
20、stongueAnother big distinction between American and British English is spelling.After the Americans _ the British in 1781 and gained independence,they wanted to make the spelling of English words simpler._,Americans writecolorinstead of colour.defeatedTherfore Finally,the pronunciations and accents
21、are different.both countries have slowly changed the way they say the same words,but in different ways.This _ is continuing even today.process1.All through history在整个历史进程中2.That is why这就是为什么3.be made up of由组成4.grammar and vocabulary语法和词汇5.That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse
22、people.(p22)正因为如此，英语才成了一种具有许多令人困惑不解的规则的语言。1.问题是我们找不到合适的时间。The problem was that we couldnt find a suitable time.2.我们学校不再是以前的样子了。Our school is no longer what it used to be.3.这是鲁迅曾经生活过的地方。That is where Lu Xun once lived.The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is“programmed”to make us do so
23、.（2009上海）A.when B.why C.whether D.that6.The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain.(p22)英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则和词汇构成的。Each class in our school is made up offifty-five students.be made up of由组成（主动为make up)Fifty-five students make up each class in our
24、school.我们学校每个班由55名学生组成。1.编造Make up a story.2.补足,弥补我们需要五十元以弥补损失。We need$50 to make up the loss.3.化装她花了一个多小时才打扮好。It took her more than an hour to make herself up.Someone is coming,but I cant make outwho it is.Can you make this length of cloth into a suit?Desks can be made of wood.Wine is made from ric
25、e.由制成弄懂,分辨把制成Its the sort of work that _ a high level of concentration.(2009山东）A.calls for B.makes up C.lies in D.stands forEverybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes（2009江苏）A.turning upB.putting up C.making up D.showing up1.1.mixwithmixwith2.2.puzzle aboutpuzzle a
26、bout3.3.consist of consist of4.4.This is because This is because5.They brought with their languages,which also mixed with Old English.(p22)使混和,搀和,混淆,搞混mix joy with sorrow.Oil doesnt mix with water.喜悲交集水火不相融。mix up 使弄不清；使混乱；混淆；His explanation just mixed me up more.I always mix up the twins.我总是把这对双胞胎弄
27、混。他的解释令我更加糊涂了。8.Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages.consist of/be made up of 由构成;包含这个研究小组由两名中国科学家和三名美国专家组成。The research team consists of two Chinese scientists and three American experts.联合王国包括大不列颠与北爱尔兰。The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.1.take contro
28、l of2.replace3.raise4.The most contribution was from the Normans.It was believed that smoking had contributed to his early death.人们相信是抽烟使他过早死亡。锻炼能促成更强健的体魄。Exercise contributes to better health.Many people are willing to contribute their money to Hope Project.2)捐(款);捐献;投稿contribute/donate to He contr
29、ibuted an article to China Daily.许多人愿意把他们的钱捐赠给希望工程。他为中国日报撰写了一篇文章。contribution n.make great contributions to对作出巨大贡献under control 在控制之下;out of control 失去控制lose control of 失去控制The English conquered this country and took control of it.英国人征服了这个国家并掌控了它。The fire lasted half an hour before it was under cont
30、rol.大火持续了半小时才得到控制。He lost control of the plane.他控制不了飞机了。1)代替（take the place of)Electric lights have replaced candles.电灯已经取代了蜡烛。2)放回原处报纸读完后请放回原处。When you have finished reading the newspaper,please replace it.Despite such a big difference in _ towards what one eats,there is no doubt that people in the
31、 west regard the Chinese food as something special.(2009湖北）A.point B.idea C.attitudeD.sightresult in=lead to/cause 导致结果他的粗心致使比赛失败了。His carelessness resulted in the loss of the game.result from由于而产生;作为.的结果Sickness often results from eating too much.因为吃得太多而病了。as a result of 由于的结果as a result结果 由于下大雨,我们
32、得呆在家里.We had to stay at home as a result of the heavy rain.=It rained heavily.As a result,we had to stay at home.As a result of the serious flood,two-thirds of the buildings in the area.(2009陕西)A.need repairing B.needs to repair C.needs repairing D.need to repair5.Many English people worked as serva
33、nts who raised animals.很多英国人沦为仆人,他们为诺曼人饲养牲畜。raise v.饲养;养育How did you manage to raise such a big family on such small income?你是如何设法用这么少的收入养活这么一个大家庭的。Raise your right hand if you can answer my question.In order to make everyone hear him clearly,he raised his voice.They are going to raise money for the
34、 school buildings.at this/that point 在这时/那时举起提高筹集就在那时我认出他来了。At that point,I recognized him.1.appear2.go through3.Keep on4.It is certain that5.wayChoosing the right dictionary depends on _ you want to use it for.(2009江苏）A.what B.why C.how D.whether Could I use your computer for a few moments,please?.
35、Im not using it myself.（2009陕西）A.Come on B.It dependsC.Go ahead D.Thats greatThats why English is a language with so many confusing rules.The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them.1.这就是为何英语是一种有许多令人困惑不解的规则的语言。2.英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则
36、和词汇构成的。3.他们分别有自己的语言，盎格鲁-撒克逊就是在这三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon developed from mixing these languages with Celtic.4.他们所创造的语言就是我们今天所称的古英语。The language they created is what we now call Old English.5.事实上如果我们现在听了古英语也肯定听不懂了。6.这是因为英语中有许多对单词和词组有相近的意思。In fact it is cert
37、ain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.This is because many pairs of words and phrases have similar meanings in English.7.很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。8.早期的侵略后，凯尔特语被替换成英语。9.法语却没有取代英语而成为英国的第一语言。Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.After the earlier
38、 invasion,Celtic had been replaced with English.French did not replace English as the first language.10.尽管这一事实，法语还是对英语产生了巨大的影响。Despite this fact,French still had an impact on the English language.11.在这期间，许多英语人成为诺曼人的仆人，为他们饲养牲畜，给诺曼人做饭。At this point,many English people worked as servants who raised ani
39、mals and cooked for the Normans.12.在诺曼人控制之后，单词变复数又被法语中单词变复数的方法所取代。13.到14世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英语。After the Normans took control this was replaced by the French way of making plurals.By the latter half of the 14th century,English was adopted by all classes in England.14.由于这个原因，近代英语包括了许多拉丁词汇和希腊词汇。15.在此期间，英语发
40、音也经历了巨大变化。Because of this,Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words.Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period.16.英语在未来是不是还要继续变化这个问题其实很容易回答。The question of whether English will continue changing in the future is easy to answer.17.一个人来自什么地方也会影响到其说话风格。Where a person comes fr
41、om will affect their style of speech.18.可以肯定的是，这样的变化过程还会持续，人们还会不断发明新的词汇和新的表达法。It is certain that this process will continue,and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.Language points1.The most important contribution was from the Normans,a French-speaking peoplewho defeate
42、d England and took control of the country in 1066.最大的贡献来自于讲法语的诺曼人，他们于1066年击败英格兰并控制了这个国家。句中 a French-speaking people是 the Normans的同位语；who 引导一个定语从句，修饰people。这里contribution 的意思是“贡献，推动作用”。如：This new technology will make a great contribution to the development of this industry.这项新技术将对该行业的发展起到极大的推动作用。2.Ho
43、wever,the Norman Conquest did not affect as much as the Angles and the Saxons victory about 600 years earlier,which led to Old English replacing Celtic.然而，诺曼底征服对英语的影响并不及约600年前盎格鲁和撒克逊人的胜利对英语的影响，那场胜利导致古英语替代了凯尔特语。句中which 引导一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为victory。这里的lead to 的意思是“导致”。如：That news lead to a great panic in
44、the village.这消息在村里引起了极大的恐慌。3.Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England,French did not replace English as the first language.尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的250年间一直讲法语，但是法语并没有取代英语成为第一种语言。本句是主从复合句，even though的意思是“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句，该从句还包含一个定语从句，即 they ruled England,修饰 the entire 250 years。Homework1.Review the text.2.Finish A2,B1 and B2 on pages 98&99.
