1、Unit1Great scientistsexpert attend physician expose challenge victimadj.熟练的;经验丰富的n.专家;行家vt.照顾;出席;参加n.医师vt.暴露;揭露;使曝光n.挑战vi.向挑战n.受害者Words previewabsorbsuspectenquiry neighbourhood severe pump vt.吸收;吸引;使专心vt.怀疑n.被怀疑者;嫌疑犯n.询问n.附近;临近adj.严重的;严厉的n.泵;抽水机vt.(用泵)抽(水)Words previewforesee blamepollute handleann
2、ounce instructvt.预见;预知n.责备;谴责vt.过失;责备vt.污染;弄脏n.柄;把手vt.处理;操纵vt.宣布;通告vt.命令;指示;教导Words previewexposeto linkto使显露;暴露将和联系或连接起来Expressions preview1.Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research?Discuss in small groups the stages in setting out a new scientific idea.Draw a conclusion Think of
3、a methodCollect results Make a questionFind a problem Analyse the resultFind supporting evidencePre-readingAfter reading the passage on page 2,put the correct stages into the reading about research into a disease.Infectious diseases can be spread to other people.They have an unknown causeand need pu
4、blic health care to solve them.People may be exposed to infectious disease,so may animals,such as bird flu.AIDS,SARS are infectious diseases.Infectious diseases are difficult to cure.What do you know about infectious diseases?Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.It inf
5、ects peoples intestines(肠),causing diarrhea and leg cramps(抽筋).What do you know about cholera?The most common cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated(污染)with the bacteria.Cholera can be mild(不严重的)or even without immediate symptoms(症状),but a severe case
6、 can lead to death without immediately treatment.JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”Reading7 Make a conclusion 3 Think of a method 4 Collect results 2 Make a question1 Find a problem 5 Analyse the results 6 Find supporting evidenceThe stages in examining a new scientific idea.First we should find the p
7、roblem.Then,think of a method.We should collect as much information as possible.Analyzing results is the most important stage.Before we make a conclusion,it is necessary for us to find supporting evidence.Read the passage and number these events in the order that they happened._ John Snow began to t
8、est two theories._ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854._ John Snow marked the deaths on a map._ He announced that the water carried the disease._ John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe._ King Cholera was defeated._ He found that most of the deaths were near a wat
9、er pump._ He had the handle removed from the water pump._ John Snow began to test two theories._ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854._ John Snow marked the deaths on a map._ He announced that the water carried the disease.1247_ John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very sev
10、ere._ King Cholera was defeated._ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump._ He had the handle removed from the water pump.8365John Snow(1813-1858)John Snow was born in York on March 15th,1813,the oldest of nine children.YorkLondonHis father worked as a laborer.While poor,his parents
11、were determined to give their children whatever educational opportunities they could afford.He was educated at a private school in his native city until the age of fourteen,when he was apprenticed(当学徒)to William Hardcastle,a surgeon(外科医生)living at Newcastle-on-Tyne.After serving for a short time as
12、a surgeon and unqualified assistant during the cholera epidemic of 1831-1982,he became in October 1836 a student at the Hunterian School of medicine in Great Windmill Street,London.He began to attend the medical practice at the Westminster Hospital in the following October.1836 37383940184541424344H
13、e graduated M.D.of the University of London on 20 Dec.1844,and in 1850 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.He designed a chloroform inhaler(氯仿吸入器),described in his book,On Chloroform and other Anesthetics,published in 1858.Dr.Snow was also a prominent anesthesiologist(麻醉师
14、).2 Read the passage again and answer these questions.1 John Snow believed Idea 2 was right.How did he finally prove it?2 Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?Give a reason.3 Cholera was a 19th century disease.What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?1 J
15、ohn Snow believed Idea 2 was right.How did he finally prove it?John Snow finally proved his ideas because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera,collected information and was to tie cases outsidethe area to the polluted water.2 Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem
16、without the map?Give a reason.No.The map helped John Snow organizehis ideas.He was able to identity those households that had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits.He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits.The evidence clearly pointed tothe poll
17、uted water being the cause.3 Cholera was a 19th century disease.What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?Three diseases,which are similar today,are SARS,AIDS and bird flu,because they are serious,have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.What is Cholera?Cholera is
18、the illness caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.It infects peoples intestines(肠),causing diarrhea(腹泻),vomiting and leg cramps.The most common cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with the bacteria.After a disaster,this is a very real danger
19、,since regular,clean water and food supplies are often unavailable.The disease can be spread even further by infected people using already dirty water sources to clean themselves or dispose of waste.Cholera can be mild or even without symptoms,a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatm
20、ent.The diarrhea and vomiting brought on by the infection quickly leave the body without enough fluid.The following dehydration(脱水)and shock can kill a person within hours.Great BritainGermanyDeath of first cholera case in London during the 1848-49 epidemic LondonPrevious cholera epidemic in Great B
21、ritain in 1831-32The spread of cholera“I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the pump.”deathSnow on choleraSnow suspected contamination of pump water.small,white,flocculent particlesWhat should you do if youre travelling to a country that has a cholera outbrea
22、k?Drink only water that you have boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine.Other safe drinks include tea or coffee made with boiled water and carbonated,bottled beverages with no ice.Eat only food thats been thoroughly cooked and is still hot,or fruit that youve peeled yourself.Avoid undercooked or
23、raw fish and shellfish.Avoid raw salads and vegetables.Avoid food and drinks from street vendors.Boil it,cook it,peel it,or forget it.TIPS3 Using the stages for scientific research and Exercise 1,write a short summary of the reading passage.John Snow wanted to find the cause of cholera.He believed t
24、hat people became ill after eating infected food.He used the next outbreak of cholera to test his idea.He studied a small area of houses which got their water from the same pump.Many people in the area died.John Snow showed that this was because the water in the pump was infected.He showed that chol
25、era could be defeated if people drank clean water.1 attend v.(1)to take care;give attention 注意；留意如:Well attend to the solution of that problem later.Language points(2)to take good care of(a sick person,for example)照看；照料如:The doctor attended the patients.医生照看病人。(3)to be present at 出席;到场 如:attend scho
26、ol 上学attend a lecture 听讲座attend church 去教堂attend(at)a wedding 出席婚礼2 exposed adj.暴露的；暴露于风雨中的；无掩蔽的expose to 使易受;使受expose sth to the light of day把某事暴露于光天化日之下expose a fraud揭穿骗局exposedness n.暴露；显露3 absorb v.(1)吸收（液体）；承受；承担我们不能承担这些费用。Well not absorb these charges.(2)使专心；使全神贯注作家全神贯注地进行写作，忘了弹去雪茄烟的烟灰.The wri
27、ter was so absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.absorbinto 吸收e.g.The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies intoits own organization.这家大公司逐渐将这些小的公司吞并了。v.(1)unsparing or harsh,as in treatment of others;strict 严厉的；严格的The severe trainer has gone abr
28、oad.You can breathe freely again.4 severe要求苛严的教官已经出国。你可以完全放心。(2)causing sharp discomfort or distress;extremely violent or intense;very serious.剧痛的;剧烈的;严重的;难熬的She received severe head injuries in the accident.她在事故中头部受了重伤。We were ready to take the blame for what had happened.5 blame v.责备;谴责The driver
29、was not to blame for theaccident.这次事故怪不着司机。n.过失;责备我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。Fingerprints linked the suspect to the crime.指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪事实。6 linked to 把与连接;联系be linked to 连接The two towns are linked by a railway.7 announce v.to make known publicly 宣布;通告The captain announced that the plane was going to land.机长宣布飞机就要
30、着陆了。Everyone was silent as he announced the winner of the competition.当他宣布竞赛的优胜者时,大家都静静地倾听。S subject 主 语P predicate 谓语O object 宾语Att attribute 定语Adv adverbial 状语Com complement 补语Pre predicative 表语C clause 从句Short Forms 缩略语So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.Di
31、fficult sentence analysisS.Adv.C每当霍乱爆发时,成千上万生活在恐怖中的居民都会死亡。V.every time 在这里是连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“每次;每当”e.g.Every time I meet him,I always think of the things that happened between us.每次见到他,我就想起发生在我们之间的事情。Choose one of the paragraphsof the passage.Read it aloud fluently to show that you understand it very well.Homework
