1、第四学时Grammar定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替先行词，指人或物，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1who，whom 代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词，that代替的先行词可以是人，也可以是物。它们在从句中所起的作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you？(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语，若指物，它还
2、可以同of which互换)，例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover (the cover of which)is green.3which所代替的先行词是指事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which/that在从句中作宾语)乡村出现了前所未有的繁荣。The pack
3、age(which/that)they are carrying is too heavy.(which/that在从句中作宾语)他们抬的那个包裹太重了。二、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词when，where，why先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when，where，why的含义相当于“介词which”结构。例如：Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?关系副词在定语从句中只能作状语。如果先行词是表示时间、地
4、点、原因的名词，但关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，关系词就不能用when，where，why，而要用which，that。例如：I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.This is the factory that/which they built ten years ago.判断改错：(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countr
5、yside.(对)This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.(对)Ill never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where，when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。典型例题 Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?AwhereBthatCon which Dthe one答案
6、：D Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?Awhere BthatCon which Dthe one答案：A例1变为肯定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在例1中，定语从句缺少先行词，而where，that，on which都不能充当先行词。只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，关系代词which/that被省略，所以应选D。而例2中，主、系、表俱全，从句中没有
7、状语，所以用where，即选A。三、限制性和非限制性定语从句1定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：This is the house which we bought last month.(限制性)The house，which we bought last month，is very nice.(非限制性)2当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith，who was
8、 my former teacher，retired last year.My house，which I bought last year，has got a lovely garden.This novel，which I have read three times，is very touching.3非限制性定语从句还能修饰整个主句。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant，which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes into vapor，which is called evaporation.
9、说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。四、“介词关系词”1介词后面的关系词为whom，which,先行词指人时，用whom，先行词指物时，用which。2必须从固定搭配和句子意思两个方面考虑选择恰当的介词。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?He is the person from whom you can learn a lot.五、as，which 引导的非限制性定语从句五、as，which 引导
10、的非限制性定语从句在as，which 引导的非限制性定语从句中，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as引导的定语从句一般放在句首，也可位于主句后；which引导的定语从句一般在主句后。as有“正如”之意，which没有这层意思。As we know，smoking is harmful to ones health.Smoking is harmful to ones health，as we know.The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us.典型例题 Alice received an
11、invitation from her boss，_ came as a surprise.AitBthatCwhich Dhe解析：此为非限制性定语从句，不能用 that引导，而用which。答案：C The weather turned out to be very good，_ was more than we could expect.Awhat Bwhich Cthat Dit解析：which可代替句子，用于引导非限制性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限制性定语从句。答案：B It rained hard yesterday，_ prevented me from go
12、ing to the park.Athat Bwhich Cas Dit解析：as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2)as常有“正如”的意思，而which没有此意。答案：B六、as 的用法1as引导限制性定语从句时，常用于the same.as(和一样)；such.as(像样的)等固定结构中。I have got into the same trouble as he(has)2as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”之意。(1)As
13、we know，Taiwan belongs to China.(2)As is known，Taiwan belongs to China.as是关系代词。(1)中的as作know的宾语；(2)中，它充当从句的主语。七、关系代词 that 的用法1不用that的情况(1)在引导非限制性定语从句时，不能用that。The tree，which is four hundred years old，is very famous here.(2)介词后不能用that。We depend on the land from which we get our food.2只能用that作为定语从句的关系代
14、词的情况(1)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。(2)不定代词，如：anything，nothing，the one，all，much，few，any，little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。(3)先行词有the only，the very修饰时，只用that。(4)先行词为序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。(5)先行词既有人，又有物时只用that。Finally，the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.He told me the places and perso
15、ns that he visited in London.一、单项填空1（2012年江西卷）John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter him it.A.offered B.offeringC.to offer D.to be offered2Tom didnt attend the meeting,we expected.A.where B.that C.as D.what BC3Can you lend me the novel _ the other day?()Athat you talked
16、 Byou talked about itCwhich you talked with Dyou talked about4This is one of the best films this year.Awhich has been shownBthat have been shownCthat have shownDhave been shownDB5They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the school.()Awhich BThat Cwho DwhomB6Do you kno
17、w the reason he was late?Afor which Bfor whatCwhich DthatA二、语法填空Though I cant remember everything _1_ happened during the time when I was in university，I still remember some people and things _2_ were related to my best friend，_3_ used to be the monitor in our class.if you want to know who is the la
18、dy _4_ I referred to in my diary，I can tell you，its her，Miss Brown.Here is a story _5_ makes me remember Miss Brown until now.One afternoon，she and I arrived in New York，_6_ we would spend our summer holiday together.We went to the biggest bookshop in_7_there were different kinds of books to be sold
19、.There，she persuaded me to buy a grammar book _8_could offer me knowledge of grammar and a dictionary _9_ I could look up the new words in.Miss Brown also bought the same books _10_I did.Just when we left the bookshop and were ready to go back to our university，a big man stopped us and robbed me of my necklace.Miss Brown tried her best to help me and lost one of her fingers.1.that2.that3.who4.that5.that6.where7.which8.that/which9.which10.as
