1、Section Grammar英语基本句子结构新知导引判断下列教材中句子的结构并体会它们的语法特征1I woke up early._2I replied._3.he gave me a smile._4Its your turn！_5Everyone started laughing._6I looked at them in panic._7.his words made me a lot more relaxed！_主语谓语状语主语谓语主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语主语连系动词表语主语谓语宾语主语谓语宾语状语主语谓语宾语宾语补足语语法精释一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。根据各部分在句
2、子中所起的作用，可以把句子分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。1主语(subject)：主语是句子的主体，是说明的对象。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、v-ing、动词不定式或名词性从句等充当。The students are listening to me carefully.They want to learn English well.Learning English well isnt as hard as you think.学生们在认真听我讲课。他们想学好英语，学好英语不像你想的那么难。2谓语(predicate)：谓语用来说明主语的情况。谓语由动词构成，分简单谓语和
3、复合谓语。(1)简单谓语：由动词或动词短语构成。He runs every morning.他每天早上跑步。(2)复合谓语：由“情态动词或助动词动词”构成。You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。The students are playing basketball on the playground.学生们正在操场上打篮球。由“连系动词表语”构成。The film is interesting.这部电影很有趣。3宾语(object)：宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者，一般位于及物动词(短语)或介词后面，通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短
4、语)、v-ing(短语)或名词性从句等充当。He is going to buy a dictionary.他打算买本词典。(动词的宾语)We should learn from him.我们应向他学习。(介词的宾语)Jack decided to take a job in Paris.杰克决定在巴黎找份工作。(动词不定式短语作动词的宾语)宾语种类：(1)双宾语：间接宾语直接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果，间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的。Lend me间接宾语 your book直接宾语,please.把你的书借给我用一用。(2)复合宾语：宾语宾语补足语。We elected
5、 him宾语 monitor宾语补足语.我们选他为班长。4表语(predicative)：表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、v-ing(短语)、分词或从句等充当。Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了。They seem to know the truth.他们似乎知道真相。5定语(attribute)：定语起修饰、限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、名词
6、所有格、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。Dalian is a beautiful city.大连是一个美丽的城市。He works in a trade company.他在一家贸易公司上班。Is there any difference between spoken English and written English?英语口语和书面语之间有什么不同吗？The man who is talking with a foreigner is my English teacher.正在和一个外国人说话的那个男士是我的英语老师。6状语(adverbial)：状语用于修饰动
7、词、形容词、副词或整个句子，通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句等充当，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、让步、程度、频率等。Ill be back in a while.我一会儿就回来。(时间状语)Im very pleased to see you.见到你我非常高兴。(原因状语)Please call me up if you need help.你如果需要帮助，请给我打电话。(条件状语)7宾语补足语(object complement)：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，这一部分内容称为宾语补足语。宾语补足语可由名词(短语)、形容词、副词
8、、动词不定式短语、分词(短语)或介词短语等充当。We must keep it a secret.我们必须对此保密。We saw her entering the room.我们看见她进入了房间。We found everything in the lab in good order.我们发现实验室里的每件东西都井然有序。即学即练 判断下列句子中的画线部分在句中作什么成分(1)I like spring very much._(2)We enjoy playing football._(3)They offered me the job._(4)I found the book very in
9、teresting._(5)The woman in a yellow dress is our English teacher._(6)He was late for school because of the heavy rain._谓语宾语直接宾语宾语补足语定语状语二、英语基本句子结构1主语谓语(SV)这种句型中的动词是不及物动词。所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的不及物动词有：work,jump,arrive,come,disappear,cry,happen,die 等。The_baby was_sleeping.婴儿在睡觉。主语 谓语Hurry!The_bus
10、is_coming.快点！公共汽车来了。主语 谓语2主语谓语宾语(SVO)此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，后面必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。Who knows the_answer？谁知道答案？主语 谓语 宾语He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。主语 谓语 宾语My sister is writing a letter at this moment.我姐姐现在正在写信。主语 谓语 宾语3主语连系动词表语(SVP)该句式侧重说明主语的特征、身份等，谓语动词用连系动词。常见的连系动词有：be,look,smell,
11、taste,sound,feel,keep,remain,get,become,turn,grow 等。This is an_English-Chinese_dictionary.这是一本英汉词典。主语 连系动词 表语The_dinner smells good.午餐的味道很好。主语连系动词 表语His_face turned red.他的脸红了。主语 连系动词 表语4主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语(SVIODO)有些谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。常见的接双宾语的动词有：give,lend,offer,show,tell,buy,bring,send,make 等。He gave me
12、a_book.他给了我一本书。主语 谓语 宾语 1 宾语 2My mother bought me a dictionary.我妈妈给我买了一本字典。主语 谓语 宾语 1 宾语 2She showed me how to run the machine.她教我如何操作,这台机器。主语 谓语 宾语 1 宾语 25主语谓语宾语宾语补足语(SVOC)该句型中的谓语动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分说明宾语，才能使其意思完整。They painted the_door green.他们把门漆成绿色。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语They found the_ho
13、use empty.他们发现那座房子空无一人。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语He asked me to_come_back_soon.他要我很快回来。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语I heard him singing_a_song in the next room.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语我听到他在隔壁唱歌。6主语谓语状语(SVA)在很多情形中，作谓语的不及物动词后面跟上状语意思才完整。The_pen writes smoothly.这支笔书写流畅。主语 谓语 状语The_sun rises in_the_east.太阳从东方升起。主语 谓语 状语The_terrible_accident
14、 happened yesterday_afternoon.主语 谓语 状语这场惨烈的事故发生在昨天下午。7主语谓语宾语状语(SVOA)有些及物动词作谓语时，加上宾语意思仍然不完整，需要加上状语意思才能完整。Unfortunately，I left my_passport at_home.状语 主语 谓语 宾语 地点状语不幸的是，我把护照忘在家里了。We are_going_to_attend the_meeting at_3_pm.主语 谓语 宾语 时间状语我们打算参加下午 3 点的会议。8there be 句型英语中 there be 句型表示“某处有某物”，其中 be 为谓语动词，the
15、re be 后面的名词为句子的主语。there be 句型中 be 还可以用其他词替代，如 live,exist,stand,lie,remain 等。There are many_customers in_the_shop.商店里有很多顾客。谓语 主语 地点状语There stands an_ancient_tower on_the_top_of_the_hill.谓语 主语 地点状语山顶上矗立着一座古塔。即学即练 判断下列句子分别属于哪种基本句子结构(1)The bread tastes delicious._(2)I will spend the summer holiday in th
16、e countryside._(3)He bought me a birthday present._(4)His failure in the exam has taught him a lesson._主语连系动词表语主语谓语宾语状语 主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语主语谓语宾语宾补.写出下列句子的句型结构1James is an exchange student._2You should register before Friday._3The traffic light is flashing._JamesSisVan exchange student.PYouSshould register
17、Vbefore Friday.AThe traffic lightSis flashingV.4His words gave me more confidence._5I found her an outgoing and kind girl._6The boy was reading a story in a loud voice._His wordsSgaveVmeIOmore confidence.DOISfoundVherOan outgoing and kind girl.OCThe boySwas readingVa storyOin a loud voice.A7The desi
18、gner designed a beautiful dress._8They argued fiercely._9The new student looks anxious and frightened._10Planting trees is important especially in mountainous areas._The designerSdesignedVa beautiful dress.OTheySarguedVfiercely.AThe new studentSlooksVanxious and frightened.PPlanting treesSisVimporta
19、ntPespecially in mountainous areas.A.用所给的单词组成句子1help,our,the,need,sick,old,the,and_2plane,takes,8,the,off,at,oclock_3Angela,first,leave,was,to,the_4must,secret,we,it,a,keep_5she,us,an,sang,song,English_6and,makes,five,nine,four_The sick and the old need our help.The plane takes off at 8 oclock.Angel
20、a was the first to leave.We must keep it a secret.She sang us an English song.Four and five makes nine.7I,advise,tomorrow,would,waiting,until_8I,book,interesting,found,the,very_9meeting,going,held,room,tomorrow,be,morning,the,is,to,in,321_10she,the,into,pieces,cut,cake,two_I would advise waiting unt
21、il tomorrow.I found the book very interesting.The meeting is going to be held in Room 321 tomorrow morning.She cut the cake into two pieces.单句写作1收到你的来信我很高兴。(主语连系动词表语)_2你的建议听起来很棒。(主语连系动词表语)_3我在去年的学校运动会比赛中获得了第一名。(主语谓语宾语)_I am happy/pleased to hear from you.Your suggestion sounds excellent.Last year I
22、won first prize in the school sports meeting.4在业余时间我喜欢听流行音乐和集邮。(主语谓语宾语)_5在我 14 岁生日时，爸爸给我买了一辆新自行车。(主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语)_6有著名的艺术家将表演如何剪纸。(there be 句型)_In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps.On my 14th birthday,father bought me a new bike.There are famous artists who will perform how to cut paper.
