1、专题四 语法填空第一部分 解题技法总论【考情透析】根据近三年的高考试题可以看出,高考语法填空充分体现了“实词考查为主、虚词考查为辅”的命题原则。命题形式分为提示类填空和自由类填空。1.提示类填空全国卷中,提示类填空为7个实词。主要考查动词的时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、名词的复数形式、形容词和副词的比较级、代词的格及同一词根的不同词性的转化。2.自由类填空全国卷中,自由类填空为3个虚词。主要考查代词、介词、冠词、连词、时间及地点副词等。【策略点睛】1.利用体裁特点解题快速通读整篇文章,了解其体裁特征,理清其逻辑关系,初步摸清文章的主题、大意、时态、语态等,给分析句子和填空提供可靠的逻辑推理
2、依据。2.利用句法分析解题语法填空主要是从语法角度入手,对句子结构进行分析。简单句要分析其成分是否完整;每种成分由什么样的词性来充当;复合句要弄清从句的作用以及主从句之间的逻辑关系;特殊句式要分析是否符合其固定的格式。3.利用习惯搭配解题英语中有许多固定的词组、短语和句型,在通读全文的基础上,认真分析句子结构,准确辨识句子中的这些固定搭配,利用平时的积累,基本上凭语感就可以解题。4.利用语篇标志解题语篇是一系列连续的语段或句子所构成的语言整体,其中各成分之间,在形式上是衔接的,在语义上是连贯的。起到语篇之间联系作用的词语就是语篇标志。如:firstly,secondly,next等表次序和列举
3、;again,moreover,what is more等表递进;similarly,equally,as with等表相似;so,altogether,thus,in short等表总结等。利用这些语篇标志有助于准确把握句子之间的逻辑关系,弄清文章的来龙去脉。一、题型剖析,有的放矢拿高分二、考场思维,实战得高分(2019全国卷)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.Whi
4、le they are rare north of 88,there is evidence61they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much ofthe range has been62(poor)studied;however,biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,00
5、0 polar bears worldwide.Modern methods63tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive 64(perform)consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 65(report)increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a 66(
6、believe)that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by67(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are 68(high)than they actually are.Of 69nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six 70(b
7、e)stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.【考场思维模式】三、逆向思维,素养升华 根据高考设题特点,请试着将下面语篇设计成语法填空题。Dogs really are our best friends,according to a Swedish study that says dog ownership could reduce heart disease.A study of 3.4 million people between the ages of 40 and 80 found that having a dog wasa
8、ssociated with a 23%reduction in death from heart disease and a 20%lower risk of dying from any cause over the 12 years of the study.Previous studies have suggested dogs relieve social isolation and depressionboth linked to an increased risk of heart disease and early death.Dog owners show better re
9、sponses to stress(their blood pressure and pulse rates dont soar),and have higher levels of physical activity and slightly lower cholesterol levels.The American Heart Association was sufficiently influenced by a review of dozens of studies to release a statement in 2013 saying that owning a dog“was
10、probably”associated with a reduced risk of heartdisease.Their reluctance to more strongly accepted dog ownership is because most studies are what is called observationalresearchers note an association,but cant prove causation(因果关系).This means that other factors might explain why dog owners are healt
11、hier than,say,goldfish ownersfor example,perhaps only people who are fit in the first place buy pets that need daily walking.【参考答案】Dogs really are our best friends,according to a Swedish study 1says dog ownership could reduce heart disease.A study of 3.4 million people between the ages of 40 and 80
12、found that having a dog 2(associate)with a 23%reduction in death from heart disease and a 20%lower risk of dying from any causeover the 12 years of the study.Previous 3(study)have suggested dogs relieve social isolation and depressionboth linked to 4increased risk of heart disease and early death.Do
13、g owners show better responses to stress(their blood pressure and pulse rates dont soar),and have higher levels of physical activity and slightly 5(low)cholesterol levels.The American Heart Association was sufficiently influenced by a review of dozens of studies to release a statement in 2013 6(say)
14、that owning a dog“was 7(probable)”associated with a reducedrisk of heart disease.Their reluctance to more strongly 8(accept)dog ownership is because most studies are what is called observationalresearchers note an association,but cant prove causation(因果关系).This 9(mean)that other factors might explai
15、n why dog owners are healthier than,say,goldfish ownersfor example,perhaps only people who are fit 10the first place buy pets that need daily walking.【文章大意】养狗有益于人们的身体健康。1.【解析】that/which。考查定语从句。_says dog ownership could reduce heart disease是定语从句,修饰先行词study,从句中缺少主语,应用that或者which引导。2.【解析】was associated
16、。考查时态语态和主谓一致。动名词短语having a dog作主语,谓语动词应用单数形式;根据主句谓语动词found可知,that从句应用一般过去时,be associated with与有联系。3.【解析】studies。考查名词复数。根据谓语动词have suggested可知,主语study应用复数形式。4.【解析】an。考查冠词。修饰risk应用不定冠词,increase为元音音素开头,应用an。5.【解析】lower。考查形容词比较级。根据前面的higher可知,此处应用形容词low的比较级。6.【解析】saying。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,该句中was influenced是谓语,say为非谓语动词,say和statement之间是主动关系,应用现在分词形式。7.【解析】probably。考查词性转换。修饰动词associated应用副词。8.【解析】accepted。考查非谓语动词。accept和dog ownership之间是被动关系,应用过去分词。9.【解析】means。考查主谓一致。句中this为第三人称单数形式,谓语动词mean应用单数。10.【解析】in。考查介词。in the first place是固定搭配。
