1、第2讲推理判断题 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题,一般在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。【明命题方式】(1)We can infer from the(first/last)paragraph that _.(2)The passage/author implies/suggests that _.(3)It can be concluded from the passage that _.(4)What can we infer/learn from the story?(5)The main purpo
2、se of the passage is_.(6)Where does this passage probably come from?(7)Whats the authors attitude towards.?【辨选项特征】1.正确选项的特征(1)一般根据原文内容,一步即可推断出结果(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念,如only,never,all,absolutely等。正确答案一般比较模糊,如often,usually,might,possibly等2.干扰选项的特征张冠李戴把作者的观点与其他人的观点混在一起无中生有符合常识,但不是文章的内容曲解文意利用原文的内容进行设计,借题发挥,曲
3、解原文意思扩缩范围通过改变或去掉文章中的限制性词语,将信息改变,造成干扰技法1 推断隐含意义:逻辑分析得结论(1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理:要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理。(2)整合全文(段)信息进行推断:有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳结论。(3)以事实为依据:推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据,不能凭空想象,这样才能做出合理的推断。【典例】(2019全国卷B).A son of immigrants,Chris started learning English
4、a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year,when called upon to read,Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot fo
5、r any student,”Whaley explains,“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language,to feel confident enough to say,I dont know,but I want to know.”Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if the
6、y thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a c
7、hild who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”1.We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to _.A.help students see their own strengthsB.assess students public speaking skillsC.prepare students for their future jobsD.inspire students love for politics【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出题干关键词:the pur
8、pose of Whaleys project第二步:迅速定位原文倒数第二段Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.以及最后一段“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the class
9、room not feeling confident.”可知Whaley老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己好的品质来增加信心。第三步:仔细对比选项,故选_。A2.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?A.Humorous.B.Ambitious.C.Caring.D.Demanding.【技法点金】根据以上技法定位到倒数第二段Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project.if they thought they could
10、never be a president.和He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.可知,当他有一天问认为自己当不了总统的学生请举手的时候,有了这个主意,这个课程就是帮助学生树立自己的信心,所以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。故选_。C技法2 推断写作意图:文体特点看意图写作意图通常有以下三种:(1)to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。(2)to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/
11、to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。(3)to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会生活类的文章,以及劝告类或建议性的文章。【典例】(2019天津6月高考D).Weve all known people who run out of steambefore they reach lifes halfway mark.Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top.We cant all getthere.Im ta
12、lking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.Most of us,in fact,progressively narrow the variety of our lives.We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it.Nothi
13、ng surprises us.We lose our sense of wonder.But,if we are willing to learn,the opportunities are everywhere.The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills.We learn to bear with the things we cant change.We learn to avoid self-pity.We learn that however much we try to please,so
14、me people are never going to love usan idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.With high motivation and enthusiasm,we can keep on learning.Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life.However,we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something la
15、rger than our own little egos(自我),whether to loved ones,to fellow humans,to work,or to some moral concept.Many of us equate(视等同于)“commitment”with such“caring”occupations as teaching and nursing.But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment.People who work toward
16、such excellencewhether they are driving a truck,or running a storemake the world better just by being the kind of people they are.Theyve learned lifes most valuable lesson.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?A.To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.B.To stress the need
17、 of shouldering responsibilities at work.C.To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.D.To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出题干关键词:the authors purpose in writing the passage第二步:迅速定位原文信息倒数第二段With high motivation and enthusiasm,we can keep
18、on learning.Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life.可知,即使到了中年我们仍然能主动学习,全身心投入,过好成年生活。第三步:仔细对比选项,故选_。A技法3 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。如:广告:语言比较简洁鲜明,有亮点。报刊:时事性比较强,分不同的版块,在阅读中采用的报刊类文章一般以政治、生活为主。杂志:覆盖了生活的各个层面,更加贴近幕后的一些东西。产品说明书:对某器皿、设备等作出介绍并有操作方式。药品说明:告知药品的服用时间、次数、药量等。网络
19、:来自网络的文章文体不限,判断标准就是找文中的网络标志语,如click here,download,upload,link(链接),mouse(鼠标)等。【典例】(2019全国卷C)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces.At present,these technologies are still
20、 expensive,though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem:a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong
21、layer of security byanalyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus,the keyboard can determine peoples identities,and by extension,whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whethe
22、r someone gets the password right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology,the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word“touch”four times using the smart k
23、eyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed,with very low error rates.The researchers say that thekeyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts.The team hopes to mak
24、e it to market in the near future.Where is this text most likely from?A.A diary.B.A guidebookC.A novel.D.A magazine.【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出题干关键词:this text most likely from第二步:通读全文可知介绍了一种新的科技智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,由此可知,本文是一篇关于科技的文章,结合所给选项可知,本文可能来自一本杂志。第三步:仔细对比选项,故选_。D技法4 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断文章作者或文章任务对某事物所持的观点或态度往
25、往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中,注意以下几点:(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含的意思,不要用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)结合平时多积累的有关英语国家的文化传统背景知识进行合理推断。3.常见有关作者情感态度的词语:表示支持或肯定positive积极乐观的;supportive支持的;optimistic乐观的;humorous幽默的;enthusiastic热情的;pleasant令人愉快的。表示中立indifferent不感兴趣的,漠不关心的;uninterested不感兴趣的;objective客观的;neutral中立的;not mentioned未提及的。表示反对或
26、否定disgusted憎恶的,厌恶的;critical批评的;negative否定的,消极的;suspicious/skeptical怀疑的;disappointed失望的;disapproving不赞成的。【典例】(2018北京卷D)Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream,years away from materializing in the real world.Well,the future isap
27、parently now.The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads.The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars,and for companies to operate driverless taxi services.California,it
28、should be noted,isnt leading the way here.Companies have beentesting their vehicles in cities across the country.Its hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads.But however long it takes,the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities,for
29、 better or for worse,depending on how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so),policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams,cut emissions(排放)and offer more
30、convenient,affordable mobility options.The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric,self-dri
31、ving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80%and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施)and operations 40%by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by
32、 ride-hailing services,considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题).But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make s
33、ure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesnt extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today.The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people,and more affordably.The car
34、of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.What is the authors attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出题干关键词:the authors attitude to the future of self-driving cars。第二步:迅速定位原文信息最后一段,The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people,and more affordably.The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.可知,作者对无人驾驶汽车的未来是充满希望的。第三步:仔细对比选项,故选_。B
