1、典型技巧11 文章大意的概括策略【考情角度】考情分析概括大意类试题常出现在社会生活类说明文中，此类文章是高考阅读中常涉及的，篇首常以个例形式引入现象，下文会围绕该现象从几个方面进行说明。考查角度常考查隐含推断题、观点态度题与主旨大意题。【真题再现】(2019全国卷C)主题语境：社会生活Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her ebook as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your
2、 business! Lunch is Bechtels “me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore
3、, 74 percent, according to from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know？” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lun
4、chtime allows her to keep a boss from her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling . “Today, I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat u
5、p the barkeeper with whom hes on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little interaction (交流). “I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said. “Its a chance for selfreflection. You return to work and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like
6、 to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provi
7、ded the statistics for the report.1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?A. Food variety.B. Eating habits.C. Table manners.D. Restaurant service.2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?A. To meet with her coworkers.B. To catch up with her work.C. To have some time on her own.D. To coll
8、ect data for her report.3.What do we know about Mazoleny?A. He makes videos for the bar.B. Hes fond of the food at the bar.C. He interviews customers at the bar.D. Hes familiar with the barkeeper.4.What is the text mainly about?A. The trend of having meals alone.B. The importance of selfreflection.C
9、. The stress from working overtime.D. The advantage of wireless technology.答案与解析：1.B2.C3.D4.A1.根据题干中的关键词statistics可观察原文第二段数据，三个数据涉及早、午、晚三餐独自就餐的数据，与人们就餐习惯有关。2.由第三段最后一句中的“wanted some time to myself”，比对选项确定答案。3.该题解题关键是理解on a firstname basis的意思， first name意为“名”，如两个人称名不称姓，说明已很熟悉。4.文章是总分结构，文章中多次出现eat alon
10、e，由此可判断文章主要的说明对象。【技巧释义】定位关键词知文章大意速读首段，确定要说明的现象越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，争取独处的时间通读全文确定文章结构第2段：用数据说明独自就餐很普遍第3、4段：举例说明独自用餐的趋势第5段：分析独自用餐的原因确定全文关键词，词中应有与“alone”相关的表达，概括主旨【词汇积累】statistics n.统计awkward adj.令人尴尬的；使人难堪的energized adj.精力充沛的recharge vt.恢复精力escape n.解脱，消遣tap vt.轻拍chat up与搭讪reflect on沉思；认真考虑【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）1G
11、rowing up in a city, a vast global survey has found, has a lifelong negative impact on a personas ability to navigate. When looking for a half-remembered restaurant in a poorly-lit side street, it seems a countryman would be a more useful companion.In the new study, scientists led by Antoine Coutrot
12、 at the University of Nantes and Hugo Spiers at University College London describe how they used a data set gathered from players of a computer game called Sea Hero Quest, which tests way-finding skills by asking players to memorise a map showing the location of checkpoints and then measuring how we
13、ll players can guide a boat to find them. The game was released in 2016 and all players have since been asked for basic information about themselves, including their age, gender, home country, and whether or not they grew up in a city.From that database, Dr Spiers and his colleagues examined a subse
14、t of 442,000 players from 38 countries. They found that the strongest indicator of a high score was a players age, older people performed relatively poorly. But the benefit of rural living was strong enough to offset some of that. Data showed that a 70-year-old who grew up in the countryside had the
15、 navigational abilities of an average 60-year-old across the data set.The gap between the navigation skills of rural and city people was the largest in America, and the researchers think they know why. They gave each country a complexity score by analysing how the streets were laid out in its larges
16、t cities. And they found that countries dominated by simple layouts of grid-based (基于网格的) cities (most common in America and Argentina) dragged down navigation skills more than growing up in a city based around more complicated networks of streets, such as Prague.Dr Spiers says that the brains navig
17、ational abilities probably weaken in the less challenging city environment because they are not being used as much. Although cities may appear more complicated, they also feature more clues to help residents find their way, such as numbered streets. As many city people on a visit to the countryside
18、say, one field tends to look much the same as another, so there are fewer external landmarks to help guide the way.1.What did the players have to do when playing Sea Hero Quest ?A.Draw the right way to checkpoints on a map.B.Find out the right map of checkpoints as fast as possible.C.Choose the prop
19、er locations for checkpoints on a map.D.Find checkpoints relying on their mental map.2.What does the underlined word offset in Paragraph 3 mean?A.Worsen.B.Display.C.Confirm.D.Balance.3.What may help improve the navigation skills of people in Prague?A.The grid of streets.B.The clear street signs.C.Th
20、e complex layout of streets.D.The similar street views.4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?A.Differences between city streets and country roads.B.A possible explanation for the findings.C.Effective ways to improve navigational abilities.D.A practical application of the findings.【答案】1.D2
21、.D3.C4.B【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项大规模的全球调查发现，在城市长大会对一个人的导航能力产生终生的负面影响。文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程，研究中的发现以及对这些发现的解释。1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“In the new study, scientists led by Antoine Coutrot at the University of Nantes and Hugo Spiers at University College London describe how they used a data set gathered from players of a computer
22、game called Sea Hero Quest, which tests way-finding skills by asking players to memorise a map showing the location of checkpoints and then measuring how well players can guide a boat to find them.(在一项发布到在线存储库bioRxiv的新研究中,以法国南特大学的Antoine Coutrot和伦敦大学学院的Hugo Spiers为首的一群科学家讲述他们如何使用一个从一款叫做航海英雄的游戏上的四百万用
23、户中手机到的数据库的。这款游戏主要是测试玩家的寻路技巧的，这首先要求玩家记住特定点的位置，然后测试他们如何根据自己的记忆驾船找到这些点。)”可知，玩家在玩“航海英雄”时必须根据他们心里记忆的地图找到检查点。故选D。2.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“They found that the strongest indicator of a high score was a players age, older people performed relatively poorly.(他们发现得分最高的指标是玩家的年龄，年龄较大的人表现相对较差)”；“But the benefit of rural l
24、iving was strong enough to”以及后文“Data showed that a 70-year-old who grew up in the countryside had the navigational abilities of an average 60-year-old across the data set.(数据显示，一个在农村长大的70岁老人在数据集上的导航能力相当于一个60岁的普通人)”可知，虽然年龄较大的人表现较差，但是农村生活的好处平衡了其中的一部分差距，即画线词意思为“平衡”。A. Worsen.恶化；B. Display.展示；C. Confirm
25、.确认；D. Balance.平衡。故选D。3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“And they found that countries dominated by simple layouts of grid-based (基于网格的) cities (most common in America and Argentina) dragged down navigation skills more than growing up in a city based around more complicated networks of streets, such as Prague.(而且他们发现
26、，与在布拉格等基于更复杂的街道布局的城市中成长的人相比，生活在以简单的网格化城市布局为主的国家的人在美洲和阿根廷最常见其城市布局降低了他们的导航技能)”可知，街道的复杂布局可以帮助提高布拉格人的导航能力。故选C。4.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Dr Spiers says that the brains navigational abilities probably weaken in the less challenging city environment because they are not being used as much. Although cities may appear
27、more complicated, they also feature more clues to help residents find their way, such as numbered streets. As many city people on a visit to the countryside say, one field tends to look much the same as another, so there are fewer external landmarks to help guide the way.( 但Spiers博士说，大脑的方向感在不太具有挑战性的
28、城市环境中可能会减弱，因为它们没有被充分利用。虽然城市可能看起来更复杂，但它们也提供了更多帮助居民找到路的线索，比如编号的街道。正如许多城市居民在乡村旅行时可以证明的那样，一个地方看起来和另一个地方非常相似，所以很少有外部的路标来帮助人们指引方向。)”可知，最后一段主要讲了对这些发现可能的解释。故选B。2Bill Gates said his three children understand why he has promised to leave his 70 billion fortune to charity when he dies.In a revealing insight in
29、to his private life, the Microsoft founder, 60, said his children are “proud” of his decision to devote his money to helping the worlds poorest.Gates said that instead of billion-dollar trust funds, his two daughters and son will be given a “great education” to help kick-start their own careers.But
30、the business mogul did say there would still be a financial safety net in place, adding, “They are never going to be poorly off”.Gates and his wife Melinda, 52, have three children together, Jennifer, 20, Rory, 17, and Phoebe, 14.Jennifer is in her second year at prestigious Stanford University, Cal
31、ifornia, where her father donated 5million to the construction of a computer science building in his name. She is also an accomplished equestrian, riding in national competitions.The Gates will only pass on a fraction of their vast wealth to their children. The rest will go to their charity, the Bil
32、l and Melinda Gates Foundation, which funds health and education projects around the world.He said, “This money is dedicated to helping the poorest. They know that, they are proud of that, they go on trips with us to see the work thats being done.”5.What will Bill Gates children be given?A.billion-d
33、ollar trust fundsB.good educationC.vast wealthD.nothing6.What may be the name of the computer science building Bill Gates donated 5 million to construct?A.Bill GatesB.JenniferC.RoryD.Phoebe7.Whats the main idea of this passage?A.Bill Gates experienceB.How Bill Gates allocates his wealthC.Bill Gates
34、and his childrenD.Bill Gates fortune【答案】5.B6.A7.B【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了比尔盖茨称他的三个儿女理解他承诺死后将700亿英镑财产捐给慈善事业的行为。文章介绍了他三个孩子的情况，以及盖茨夫妇对于他们巨额财富的分配方案。5.细节理解题。根据第三段“Gates said that instead of billion-dollar trust funds, his two daughters and son will be given a “great education” to help kick-start their own car
35、eers.(盖茨表示，他的两个女儿和儿子将接受“良好的教育”，以帮助他们开启自己的事业，而不是数十亿美元的信托基金)”可知，比尔盖茨的孩子将得到良好的教育。故选B。6.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Jennifer is in her second year at prestigious Stanford University, California, where her father donated 5million to the construction of a computer science building in his name.(珍妮弗是加州著名的斯坦福大学的大二学生，她的父亲
36、给斯坦福大学捐赠了500万英镑，用他的名字建造了一座计算机科学大楼)”可知，比尔盖茨捐赠了500万英镑建造的计算机科学大楼叫“Bill Gates”。故选A。7.主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“The Gates will only pass on a fraction of their vast wealth to their children. The rest will go to their charity, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which funds health and education projects around the
37、 world.(盖茨夫妇只会将其巨额财富的一小部分留给子女。剩下的钱将捐给他们的慈善机构比尔和梅琳达盖茨基金会，该基金会为世界各地的健康和教育项目提供资金)”结合文章主要说明了比尔盖茨称他的三个儿女理解他承诺死后将700亿英镑财产捐给慈善事业的行为。文章介绍了他三个孩子的情况，以及盖茨夫妇对于他们巨额财富的分配方案。可知，这篇文章主要讲述比尔盖茨如何分配他的财富。故选B。3In the fall of 2017, when Naomi needed to get a job, she found herself at a crossroads. The 50-year-old wasnt su
38、re she would ever work again, due to health issues.But Naomis life and career journey started to turn around after she connected with Bestwill of Central Iowas skills training programs. These programs are tailored to help people develop the kind of specific, real-world skills they need to get or kee
39、p a job, through a combination of detailed instructions and hands-on experience.When Naomi first connected with Bestwill in September 2017, she was dealing with several barriers to immediate employment. Transportation was challenging, as she didnt have a drivers license or own a car. Naomi also had
40、a limited work history with long employment gaps, meaning she missed out on learning important skills, such as working a credit card machine. On top of that, her physical health issues were also a problem.According to Duff, a career specialist at Bestwill of Central Iowa, the biggest barrier Naomi h
41、ad to overcome was from within. “She said outwardly that she had all of this confidence and that she knew how strong a worker she was, but I dont think she truly believed it herself.”Thankfully, Naomi had plenty of people on her side to provide motivation and guidance. She originally started off in
42、the food service training program but was eager to enter the retail skills program, since she had previously worked at the Salvation Army and Subway. When Naomi mentioned her interest in retail, Duff recognized that her go-getting attitude would be a perfect match for the program.The seven-week reta
43、il skills training is a systematic program combining classroom instructions with on-the-job experience at a Goodwill store. As Naomi progressed and graduated from the program, she became more confident in her abilities.Duff said it was great to see how Naomi grew into the devoted, driven worker she
44、is today. “She has this strong desire, this longing to succeed. And she knows that shes able to do that, although she has fallen short in the past.”8.What can be learned about Bestwills training programs?A.They were established in the autumn of 2017.B.They guarantee a good job for participants.C.The
45、y are designed only for the unemployed.D.They combine directions with practice.9.What was the biggest problem Naomi faced according to Duff?A.Poor health.B.Poor working skills.C.A lack of confidence.D.A lack of a drivers license.10.Why did Naomi change her training program?A.She followed Duffs advic
46、e.B.She was more interested in retail.C.She wanted to gain some hands-on experience.D.She wanted to attend a more systematic program.11.Whats the main idea of the text?A.Bestwill springs up around the world.B.A 50-year-old devotes herself to Bestwill.C.Success is linked to appropriate training progr
47、ams.D.Bestwill helps a 50-year-old turn her life around.【答案】8.D9.C10.B11.D【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲了爱荷华州中部的技能培训项目帮助了50岁的内奥米获得工作技能，从而使她的职业生涯出现转机。8.细节理解题。根据第二段“These programs are tailored to help people develop the kind of specific, real-world skills they need to get or keep a job, through a combination of det
48、ailed instructions and hands-on experience.（这些项目通过将详细的指导和亲身的实践经验相结合，帮助人们发展获得或保住一份工作所需的特定的、现实世界的技能。）”可知这些训练主要是帮助人们将理论的指导与实践结合起来，从而获得真正的工作技能，结合选项可知选项D. They combine directions with practice.( 他们把指导和实践结合起来。)符合题意。故选D。9.细节理解题。根据第四段“According to Duff, a career specialist at Bestwill of Central Iowa, the b
49、iggest barrier Naomi had to overcome was from within. “She said outwardly that but I dont think she truly believed it herself.”（ 达夫是爱荷华州中部百事威尔的职业专家，据他说，内奥米必须克服的最大障碍就是内在的。”她表面上说. . 但我不认为她真的相信她自己”）”可知内奥米面对的最大问题是来自于内心的不太自信，即缺乏自信。故选C。10.细节理解题。根据第5段“When Naomi mentioned her interest in retail, Duff recog
50、nized that her go-getting attitude would be a perfect match for the program.（当内奥米提到她对零售业的兴，达夫意识到她热切的态度，正好适合这个项目。）”可知内奥米改变她的培训项目是因为她对零售业的兴趣。故选B。11.主旨大意题。根据文章的第一段“when Naomi needed to get a job, she found herself at a crossroads. The 50-year-old wasnt sure she would ever work again, due to health issu
51、es.（当内奥米需要找工作的时候，她发现自己处在一个十字路口。50岁的她不确定自己还能不能工作，因为健康问题。）”及第二首句“But Naomis life and career journey started to turn around after she connected with Bestwill of Central Iowas skills training programs.（但是内奥米的生活和职业生涯，在她与爱荷华州中部的技能培训项目的最佳意愿中心联系后，开始出现转机。）”在结合下文就如何如何帮助内奥米的细节描述可知文章主要讲最佳意愿中心帮助50岁的内奥米获得工作技能，从而使
52、她的职业生涯出现转机，结合选项可知选项D. Bestwill helps a 50-year-old turn her life around.( 最佳意愿中心帮助一个50岁的女人重获人生新转机。)概括较为全面准确。故选D。4Weve known that sitting for long periods of time every day has countless health consequences, like a higher risk of heart disease. But now a new study has found that sitting is also bad f
53、or your brain.A study published last week, conducted by Dr. Prabha Siddarth at the University of California, showed that sedentary (久坐的) behavior is associated with reduced thickness of the medial temporal lobe, a brain area that is critical to learning and memory.The researchers asked a group of 35
54、 healthy people, ages 45 to 70, about their activity levels and the average number of hours each day spent sitting and then scanned their brains. They found that the subjects who reported sitting for longer periods had the thinnest medial temporal lobes. It means that the more time you spend in a ch
55、air, the worse it is for your brain health, resulting in possible damage to learning and memory.What is also interesting is that this study did not find a significant association between the level of physical activity and thickness of this brain area, suggesting that exercise, even severe exercise,
56、may not be enough to protect you from the harmful effects of sitting.It then surprisingly turned out that you dont even have to move much to improve cognition; just standing will do the trick. For example, two groups of subjects were asked to complete a test while either sitting or standing. Partici
57、pants are presented with conflicting stimuli, like the word “green” in blue ink, and asked to name the color. Subjects thinking on their feet beat those who sat by a 32-millisecond margin.The cognitive effects of severe physical exercise are well known. But the possibility that standing more and sit
58、ting less improves brain health could lower the bar for everyone.I know, this all runs counter to received ideas about deep thought, from our grade school teachers, who told us to sit down and focus, to Rodins famous “Thinker,” sitting with chin on hand.They were wrong. You can now all stand up.12.W
59、hat can we infer from Paragraphs 3 and 4?A.Severe exercise can lessen the damage of sitting.B.Severe exercise can greatly improve our brain health.C.Sedentary behavior will possibly damage our brain.D.Brain health has nothing to do with sedentary behavior.13.What does the underlined word “margin” in
60、 Paragraph 5 mean?A.Blank.B.Edge.C.Increase.D.Difference.14.What is the received idea about deep thought?A.Sitting more is good for our mental health.B.Sitting is better when we think.C.Thinking more can improve our cognition.D.We should stand while thinking.15.What does the text mainly tells us?A.P
61、eople tend to sit while thinking.B.Standing more can make our brain healthier.C.Physical exercise can improve our brain health.D.Sedentary behavior leads to countless health problems.【答案】12.C13.D14.B15.B【分析】这是一篇说明文。我们知道，每天长时间坐着对健康有无数的影响，比如患心脏病的风险更高。但现在一项新研究发现，久坐也对大脑有害。文章主要说明了研究发现站着思考能够使人的大脑更加健康、思维更加
62、敏捷的这一现象，介绍了这一研究过程和研究意义。12.推理判断题。根据第三段中“It means that the more time you spend in a chair the worse it is for your brain health, resulting in possible damage to learning and memory.(这意味着，你在椅子上坐的时间越久，就越不利于你的大脑健康，可能会导致学习和记忆受损)”以及第四段中“What is also interesting is that this study did not find a significant
63、 association between the level of physical activity and thickness of this brain area, suggesting that exercise, even severe exercise, may not be enough to protect you from the harmful effects of sitting.(有趣的是，这项研究没有发现身体活动水平和大脑区域厚度之间有显著的关联，这表明运动，甚至是剧烈运动，可能不足以保护你免受坐姿的有害影响)”可推知，久坐的行为可能会损害我们的大脑。故选C。13.词
64、义猜测题。根据画线词上文“For example, two groups of subjects were asked to complete a test while either sitting or standing. Participants are presented with conflicting stimuli, like the word “green” in blue ink, and asked to name the color.(例如，两组受试者被要求在坐着或站着时完成一项测试。受试者看到相互矛盾的刺激物，比如用蓝色墨水写的单词“绿色”，然后被要求说出这种颜色)”以及
65、“Subjects thinking on their feet beat those who sat by a 32-millisecond”可知，站着思考的受试者会以32毫秒的差异击败坐着的受试者，故margin在此处意为“差异”。A. Blank. 空白；B. Edge.边缘；C. Increase.增加；D. Difference.差异。故选D。14.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“I know, this all runs counter to received ideas about deep thought, from our grade school teachers, who t
66、old us to sit down and focus, to Rodins famous “Thinker,” sitting with chin on hand.(我知道，这一切都与我们从小学老师那里得到的关于深思熟虑的想法背道而驰，他们让我们坐下集中注意力，还有罗丹著名的“思想者”，手托下巴坐着)”可知，我们以前接受的关于深思熟虑的想法是坐着思考更好。故选B。15.主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“But now a new study has found that sitting is also bad for your brain.(但现在一项新的研究发现，坐着对大脑也有害)”以及第三段最后一句“It means that the more time you spend in a chair the worse it is for your brain health, resulting in possible damage to learning and memory.(这意味着，你在椅子上坐的时间越久，就越不利于你的大脑健康，可能会导致学习和记忆受损)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现站着思考能够使人的大脑更加健康、思维更加敏捷的这一现象，介绍了这一研究过程和研究意义。可知，文章主要告诉我们多站可以使我们的大脑更健康。故选B。
