1、一、with复合结构的构成它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由,名词，形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。补充说明with的复合结构with/without+名词/代词+现在分词过去分词形容词副词不定式介词短语名词名词或代词名词（代词）形容词副词数词介词短语To do V-ingpp逻辑主语独立主格结构的构成及作用独立主格结构又叫独立结构，是英语中常见的一种语法结构。独立主格结构用于修饰整个句子，位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句
2、中或主句末，常由逗号将其与主句分开。同学们若能掌握独立主格结构，对于提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。一、独立主格结构这个结构是由“名词/代词主格+形容词/副词/介词短语/名词/数词/v.-ing/to do/v.-ed”组成的一种复合结构，其中的“名词或代词主格”在该结构中作“逻辑主语”，之后的部分（“形容词/副词/v.-ed”）在这个结构中作“逻辑谓语、表语”等成分。1.逻辑主语+名词补充说明逻辑主语的身份或特征。We saw a lot of children singing in the park，most of them girls.我们看到许多孩子在公园里唱歌，其中许多是女孩。The
3、huntsmen entered the forest，hunting dogs their companions，guns their weapons.猎人们进入了森林，猎狗为伴，枪为武器。2.逻辑主语+介词短语逻辑主语和介词短语连用时，逻辑主语之前可以没有冠词；如果逻辑主语之前有冠词，该介词短语中的名词之前也可以有修饰词。The old fisherman was seated at the table，pipe in mouth（a pipe in his mouth）.那个老渔夫坐在桌子。旁边，嘴里含着烟袋。3.逻辑主语+副词副词表示逻辑主语的状态或方向。The rain over，t
4、he passengers got everything ready to start off.雨停了下来，行人作好了出发的一切准备。Joe was seated at the table，coat off，head down.乔坐在桌子旁边，大衣脱着，头低着。4.逻辑主语+形容词（短语）形容词（短语）表示逻辑主语的性质或特征。They were making a snowman outside the house，hands red with cold.他们在房子外面堆雪人，手冻得通红。I have learned that she hurt in the accident，my heart
5、 full of worries.我听说她在事故中受了伤，心中充满了担忧。5.逻辑主语+数词表示逻辑主语的数量多少或范围大小。My teacher has a son and a daughter，son eighteen，daughter fifteen.我的老师有一个儿子和一个女儿，儿子 18 岁，女儿 15 岁。6.逻辑主语+to doto do 表示逻辑主语将要发出的动作。The two friends said goodbye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to the bookstore.两个朋友互相告别，一个回家了，另一
6、个去了书店。So many problems to settle，the manager was worried.有那么多问题要解决，经理很着急。7.逻辑主语+v.-ingv.-ing 表示的动作和逻辑主语之间是主动关系。The earthquake having destroyed everything in town，all the citizens had to rebuild their homes.地震破坏了城里的一切，全体市民不得不重建家园。具有被动意义的，也可以用被动语态。8.逻辑主语+v.-edv.-ed 表示的动作和逻辑主语之间是被动关系。The task finished，
7、they went home respectively.任务完成了，他们各自回到家里。Everything taken into consideration，his plans are better.如果把一切都考虑在内，他的计划好一些。二、其他独立主格结构1.There being+名词/代词2.It being+名词/代词There being nothing to do，we had to go back home.由于无事可做，我们不得不回家。It being a holiday，all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。有些独立主格结构中没有分
8、词，仅在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语的词或词组，这是为了简练省去了being;或having been。但如果分词是用来表示原因或在“being+过去分词”、“there being+过去分词”结构中，being不可省。_ _ _ no cause for alarm，she went back to her room.A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was这个结构是由“名词/代词主格+形容词/副词/介词短语/名词/数词/v.-ing/todo/v.-ed”组成的一种复合结构，其中的“名词或代词主格”在该结构中作“逻辑主语”，之后的部
9、分（“形容词/副词/v.-ed”）在这个结构中作“逻辑谓语、表语”等成分。整个复合结构相当于一个状语从句，分别表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明。如：三、独立主格结构的作用1.表示时间The signal being given（When/After the signal was given），the bus began to leave.信号发出之后，汽车才离开。2.表示原因The problems having been solved（Because the problem have been solved），they feel relieved.由于问题得到了解决，他们才感到放心
10、。3.表示条件Task finished in time，the workers will have a good rest.任务及时完成了，工人们才能好好休息。4.表示伴随或方式He lay in bed awake，his eyes opening wide.他醒着躺在床上，双眼睁得大大的。The children watched the soldiers passing，their eyes bright and curious.孩子们看着战士们走过，眼睛明亮，充满好奇。5.表示让步She back（=Although she has come back），we havent seen
11、her yet.她虽然已经回来，我们还没有见到她。The price down（=Though the price goes down），most of us cant afford.尽管价格下降了，我们还是买不起。6.表示补充说明She has built a grand house，a man-made stream running around，a little bridge over it.她建了一栋豪华住宅，人造小溪环绕，一座小桥飞架其上。四、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同1.有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:generally
12、speaking,frankly speaking,judging from/by,given,consideringtalking of,puttingitmildly,等。这些分词常用来修饰全句。-，the more expensive the camera,the better its quality.A.General speaking B.B.Speaking generalC.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally2.有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to tell the truth,to
13、be short,to begin with,to be sure,to be honest/frank.To make things worse，to make a long story short，to speak of，to be fair，to sum up等。I didnt go to his party last night，_，I didnt want to see him at all.A.To tell you the truth B.Telling you the truthC.Thats to say D.Lets say四、with复合结构与独立主格结构的转化1.wit
14、h复合结构与独立主格结构在句中作状语用时，一般可相互转换。此外还可变为状语从句或并列句。（1）作时间状语With winter coming on，the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.=Winter coming on，the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.=When winter comes on，the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.（2）作原因状语With her skirt being caught on a nail
15、，she could not move.=Her skirt（being）caught on anail，she could not move.=As/Because her skirt was caughton a nail，she could not move.（3）作条件状语With weather permitting，well go for a picnic this weekend.=Weather permitting，well go for a picnic this weekend.=If weather permits，well go for a picnic this w
16、eekend.（4）作伴随状语Here are the first three volumes with the fourth one to come out next month.=Here are the first three volumes，the fourth one to come out next month.=Here are the first three volumes andthe fourth one is coming out next month.2.with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.=Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom大量练习
