1、2012届高考英语二轮专题复习精品语法部分之定语从句定语从句是由先行词+关系代词/关系副词引导的从句构成。所谓的先行词，其实就是汉语中被修饰的中心词。我们称它为先行词，是因为它的位置跟汉语中的位置是不一样的。一般来说汉语句子中喜欢把把作修饰的定语成分放在被修饰的中心词之前。而英语中，如果是单个形容词修饰，可以放在中心词之前；如果是短语或句子（从句），则要放在他们所修饰的中心词之后，也就是说要后置。也就是这样的结构，中心词+句子（作定语成分起修饰作用）。入乡随俗，人家英国人对此有自己的称呼，“中心词”-先行词，因为放在修饰成分之前。（先锋官）；“句子（作定语成分起修饰作用）”，被称为定语从句。先
2、行词可以是单个名词，名词短语，或者是句子。关系代词： that (表人, 表物，在从句中作主语或宾语)； who (表人, 在从句中作主语)；whom (表人, 在从句中作宾语)which (表物，在从句中作主语或宾语)whose (从句中作定语)关系副词： when (表时间); where(表地点)定语从句是复合句的一种。复合句就是由两个或以上的句子组成，当然其中有组合规则，即所谓的语法规则。I have a goose. The goose lays eight gold eggs every day.我有一只鹅。 这只鹅每天下8个金蛋。我有一只每天下8个金蛋的鹅。I have a go
3、ose the goose lays eight eggs every day. ( F )I have a goose that/which lays eight eggs every day. ( T )Is he the man who/that wants to see you?He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.The man who told me this refused to give me his nameThe book is about a girl who falls in love with an ugly but tal
4、ented boy.The noise that he made woke everybody upShe was annoyed by something that I had said定语从句分为：限制性定语从句， 非限制性定语从句。两者区别在于逗号，先行词和从句之间有逗号的为非限制性定语从句； 没逗号的为限制性定语从句。非限定性关系从句位于确定的名词之后。因此它对这类名词不作限定性描述，仅对该词作进一步说明作为补充而已。它不同于限定性关系从句，在句中并非必不可少，即使省略也不会引起意义上的混乱。它不同于限定性关系从句之处还在于它与被说明的名词之间用逗号隔开。非限定性关系从句中的关系代词绝
5、对不能省略。这种句子结构相当正规，在书面语中用得比口语中多。非限定性关系从句中不能用that作关系代词，而且作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。My neighbour，who is very pessimistic，says there will be no apples this yearPeter，who had been driving all day，suggested stopping at the next townPeter，whom everyone suspected，turned out to be innocentShe introduced me to her husband
6、，whom I hadnt met beforeThe 815 train，which is usually very punctual，was late todayShe gave me this sweater，which she had knitted herselfWhose 表示所有格，说明先行词和从句的名词有关系，所有/属关系。The film is about a spy whose wife betrays himAnn，whose children are at school all day，is trying to get a jobThis is George，whose
7、 class you will be taking.His house whose walls were made of glass costs him 20000 pounds.She heard a terrible noise , _ brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that Women _drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.A.
8、who ; / B. / ; who C. who ; who D. / ; /This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt(麦芽) that lay in the house that Jack built.向左走，向右走 关系代词只能用that作关系代词情况：a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c）先行词有the only, the
9、 very修饰时，只用that。 d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. All _ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A. what is needed B. for our needs C. the thing needed D. that is
10、neededOnce they had fame, fortune, secure futures; _ is utter poverty.A. now that all is left B. now all that is leftC. now all which is left D. now all what is leftI have explained everything _ I can to you.A. what B. which C. all D. thatAll _ glitters is not gold.A. that B. which C. what D. itAll
11、_ can be done by the doctor is to prolong the patients life.A. that B. which C. what D. who关系代词和关系副词的判断有时候先行词是表时间，地点的词，这时候我们可能用when / where,还可能用到which / that .when / where-在从句中作状语先行词是一个句子的时候,我们用as, which 做关系代词. 区别就是: as 可以放在句首,也可以放在句中; 但是which 只能放在句中,不能放在句首.As引导定语从句在限制性定语从句, as 多和such 或 the same连用,构
12、成suchas 和the same as结构,代替先行词是人或物的名词.在非限制性定语从句中,as作为关系代词代替整个主句.位置比较灵活,可以位于主句前面,中间或后面.通常译为 “(正)如一样, (正)像一样” 而which只能放在主句之后.as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.4. As 后若为is或was+过去分词构成的被动语态,is或was可省掉.which后的is或was则不能省掉.As might be expected, John was admitted to the university.Such
13、 people as were recommended by him were reliable.It is reported that he will visit the city.As is reported, he will visit the city.as is well known 众所周知as often happens 这种情况常常发生as is hoped as is supposed Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. heIt
14、rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. that B. which C. as D. itAs we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.the same that 和the same as 之间的区别the samethat中的关系代词that表示同一个，而the sameas中的as表类比，指同一类。例如： This is the same pencil that I lost yesterday. Don read the same books as yo
15、u dont understand.1. It was on the farm _ he spent his childhood_ he learned how to grow vegetables.A. where; that B. which; when C. that; that D. which; which2. where did you meet him？ it was in the hotel _ he stayed last night. A. that B. which C. where D. there3. It was the Athens 2004Olympic Gam
16、es _ Liu Xiang won a gold medal in the mans race. A. that B. which C. when D. where4. It is reported that the unemployed _ great threat of snow storm this winter. A. is facing B. are facing C. is under D. have been5. The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D.
17、 in which6. Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke7This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed8Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when
18、 D. on which9That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when10The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which11Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there12This
19、 is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked13The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _ is often the case in other countries.(1998.6) A.as B.what C.so D.that 14Beer
20、is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.(2000.6) A.whose B.which C.that D.what 15Ive never been to Beijing, but it is the place _.(1999.6) A.where Id like to visit B.in which Id like to visit C.I most want to visit D.that I want
21、to visit it most 16_ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.(1996.6) A.As B.That C.It D.What 17I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it18He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what19I dont like _ as you read.A. the n
22、ovels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20. I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago.A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which21. Let children read such books _ will make them better and wiser.A. which B. that C. as D. what22. Money is anything _ is generally
23、accepted as payment in exchange for goods or services.A. that B. which C. who D. whom23. In one country which I visited _ the climate is very hot all the year round, people hardly wear any clothes at all.A. that B. which C. when D. where24. There are many children and adolescents_ behavior is genera
24、lly unacceptable.A. who B. whom C. whose D. that25. 这是我所看到的第一部电影。26她住在一个村庄里，那里冬天不太冷夏天不太热。27我们永远不会忘记香港回归祖国的那一天。28没有自行车的人可以乘公共汽车去学校29 你们班上同学的父亲有没有在保险公司工作的？30她是我见过最漂亮的女生。31 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。32 正如所希望的，他娶了玛丽。Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincre
25、asingproductivity; switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. HereisanexamplewhichIheardatanursesconventionofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.介词+关系代词的定语从句注意: 在此结构中关系代词只能是: which, whom“介词+which/ whom”引导的定语从句1）在介词+关系代词的结构中，关系代词指人时只能用whom;指
26、物时用which. 2)指物的先行词在定语从句中作定语时还可以用the +noun +of which的结构 来表示 There is a desk in the room. The legs of the desk are broken. 3）先行词在定语从句中作状语时根据不同类型的状语，用不同的介词+关系代词，时间状语使用on; in; by等表示时间的介词；地点状语用on; in; at等表示地点的介词；原因状语用for;方式状语用in; by; with等。这样的要根据搭配,平时积累词组.介词的选择 在介词+关系代词中，介词的选择受以下限制： A以从句中动词；形容词；名词与介词的固定搭
27、配而定；In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whomturn to sb. for help介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如3）。表示信任某人要用have confidence in somebody，所以做定语，应该用a chairman in whom has confidence。 介词与先行词构成短语， It is useful to be able to predict the extent _which
28、a price change will affect supply and demand. A.from B.with C.to D.for (1997.1)如本题，to which源于to extent的短语搭配There are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation.be/ become familiar withThe man _ she was married was a soldier. A. whom B. to whom C. with whom D. whoThere are sci
29、entific ways in which man solve problems.B 部分 + of + 整体名词的结构，该结构做关系词也就是 部分名词 + of which/whom的结构。 该结构的使用应注意两点，一是注意定语从句与并列句的分别表示“所有关系”或“整体中的一分”，则用介词of。如：1. I live in this room, the window of which faces south. (= I live in this room, whose window faces south.)（表示“所有关系”）2. There are over 3,000 workers
30、in that factory, eighty-five percent of whom are womenThere are., and 85% of them are women. (表“整体中的一部分”）3. China has hundreds of islands, the large of which is Taiwan. (= China has hundreds of lands and the largest of them is Taiwan.)He invited two scientists to his birthday party, many of _ were h
31、is old classmates. A. whom B. them C. which D. that 1. Helen has four friends. All of them are studying a computer course in a night school.2. Regarding this matter, we have sent three salespersons to talk with the customers. None of them has really identified the needs clearly.3. Ten people have ap
32、plied for the job of a secretary. Most of them are suitable.4. There were a lot of people at the party. I had met with some of them before.总体结构: some/all/neither/few/several/none/both/基数词+whom/whichC 另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词The picture, _ he paid 1000 dollars, was once owned by a duke.I cannot believe that
33、restaurant, _ I have eaten such wonderful meals, si going to close down.I am grateful to him for that advice, _ I owe all my success.Geometry, _ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject.A programmer(程序控制器) may make a mistake either in writing out the machine code or in a wrong analysis of the situa
34、tion _ the program was based.1. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _ obtaining fresh water is not the least. A.with which B.for which C.of which D.which 2. The medicine of science, _ progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the science. A. to
35、 which B. in which C. which D. with which3. The school has 3,000 students, _ 1,800 are men. A. whose B. of whom C. that D. of which4. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose5. The gentleman _ you told m
36、e yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom6. She wrote a lot of stories for children, _ this is one example. A. in which B. of which C. among them D. of them7. Tom, _ I went to the concert, is a friend of mine. A. whom B. who C. with whom D. whose8. Jack is the most
37、intelligent man _ Ive met.A that B. what C. whom D. who9. Alva found a place in the cellar _ he used as his first laboratory.A which B. where C. such D. the same10. There will come a day _ all the people in the world will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.A. when B. where C. why D. the mo
38、ment11. Edward is the boy _ I think scored the winning points for the basketball team.A. whom B. which C. that D. who12. There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck, out of _ open mouth the tea was supposed to come.A. which B. its C. that D. whose13. The goals _ he had fought all his life no long
39、er seemed important to him.A. after which B. with which C. for which D. at which.14. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _ up to half will be from overseas.A. in which B. for which C. with which D. of whom15. We need a chairman _A. for whom everyone has confidenceB. in whom everyone h
40、as confidenceC. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on16. The residents, _ has been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A. all their homes B. all of whose homes C. all whose homes D. all of their homes17. A survey was carried out on the death of new-born
41、 babies in that region, _ were surprising.A. the results of which B. as results C. the results of it D. which results18. There are nine planets in the solar system, _ are larger than our earth.A. some of whom B. some of which C. some of whose D. some of them19. Helen was much kinder to her youngest
42、child than she was to the others, _ of course, made the other jealous.A. who B. that C. what D. which20. Prisons in some countries are short of staff, _means each prison officer is overworked and underpaid.A. which B. this C. what D. it21. Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions, _ h
43、ave been mentioned in previous pages.A. a few of it B. a few of them C. a few of that D. a few of which22. In one place they found a wide hall, from the roof of which hung a great number of shinning white pillars of stone.大多数时候,in/at/on +which =when/where of + which/whom=whoseRecently I bought an an
44、cient Chinese vase, the price of which was very reasonable. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, whose price was very reasonable. 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worke
45、d together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the count
46、ryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定
47、句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。高考资源网w w 高 考 资源 网
