1、形容词和副词精讲精炼02二、比较级的用法1.双方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级than”的结构表示。如This pen is better than that one.2.表示一方不及另一方时,用“less原级than”的结构表示。如:This room is less beautiful than that one.3.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语:even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far,yet,by far等修饰。如:He works even harder than before.注意:英语的比较级前如无
2、even,still,或yet 等时,译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出,一般不可用“更”,如:She is better than she was yesterday.她比昨天好些了。Please come earlier tomorrow.请明天早点来。注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。如:He is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.他比他弟弟高得多。4.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用“
3、the比较级(主语+谓语),the比较级(主语+谓语)”的结构。如:The harder he works,the happier he feels.他工作越努力,越高兴。5.不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用 “比较级and比较级”的结构。如: The girl becomes more and more beautiful.这女孩变得越来越漂亮了。6.某些以or结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than。(这些词有inferior,superior,junior,senior,prior等。如:He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.他在数
4、学方面要比王先生强。7.在比较从句中为了避免重复,我们通常用that(those),one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。如:A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood.铁制的盒子比木制的盒子要结识。 8.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:1)A is three (four,etc.)times the size (height,length,width,etc)of B.如:The new building is four t
5、imes the size (the height)of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。(这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍高三倍)。2)A is three (four,etc.)times as big (high,long,wide,etc.)as B.如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。(亚洲比欧洲大三倍。)3)A is three (four,etc.)times bigger (higher,longer,wider,etc.)than B.如:Your school is three times
6、 bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。(你们的学校是我们学校的四倍大。)用 times 表示倍数,一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double。三、最高级的用法1.三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“the最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如:Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.张华在他们三个中最高。2.最高级可被序数词以及much,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not quite,not really,nothin
7、g like等词语所修饰。如:This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not nearly/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggest.这帽子大得多。3.表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。4.形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时,被修饰的词往往省略。如:He is the tallest (boy)in his class.他是班里最高的(男生)。5.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如:Of all the boys h
8、e came (the)earliest.在所有的孩子中,他来得最早。如果复数名词前有many,few,不可数名词前有much,little等表示量的形容词时,该用so而不用such。如:Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我摔了那么多跤,以致于摔得鼻青脸肿的。但little不表示数量而表示“小”时,仍用such。如:They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.他们是那么小的孩子以至于他们不能自己打扫房子。
9、6.almost与nearly(1)两者都可以修饰 all,every,always等词,都可以用于否定句中。(2)在very,pretty,not后用nearly,不用almost。如:Im not nearly ready.我还没准备好。(3)在any,no,none,never前用almost,不用nearly。如:I almost never see her.我几乎从来没见过她。【考点诠释】考点1 形谷词、副词的比较等级1形容词或副词的asas结构两者相比,当A=B时,用“as+面/adv原级+as”来表示。如:Jack runs as fast as Tom杰克和汤姆跑得一样快。双方
10、相比,当AB,或指A的程度较低时,用“not as/so+adj/adv原级+as”表示。如:He does not work as/so hard as his sister他不如他妹妹学习努力。2形容词或副词的比较级+than 、当双方比较,AB时,用“比较级+than”结构。当A不及B的程度时,用“less+adj/adv原级+than”的结构。如:Blood is thicker than water谚血浓于水。Health is better than wealth谚健康胜过财富。3表示双方相比,一方超过另一方,并强调超出的程度和数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如:even,m
11、uch,very much,still,any,a lot,a bit,a little,far,yet,by far,a great deal,twice,three times,rather,slightly等,而very,quite,SO,fairly等词不可修饰形容词或副词的比较级A car runs a great deal faster than a truck小汽车比卡车快得多。4“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构表示“越越”The more tickets you sell,the more money you will get你卖的票越多,你得到的钱就会越多。5当三者或三
12、者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用最高级这种句式中一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语;最高级可被序数词以及much,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,notquite,not really,nothing like等修饰。如:The building being built now is by far the highest in the city目前在建的那座大楼是本市最高的大楼。6比较级表示最高级含义(1)比较级+than any other+可数名词单数。如:The Changjiang River is longer than any other river i
13、n China在中国,长江比其他任何一条河流都长。(2)比较级+than all(the)other+可数名词复数。如:China is larger than all the other Asian countries中国比亚洲的其他国家都大。(3)no/never/nothing+比较级。如:Nothing is more valuable than time时间比任何东西都珍贵。(4)“否定词+不定冠词+形容词的比较级+名词”或“否定词+副词的比较级”表示“从未;未曾”。如:This film is very movingI have never seen a better one这部电
14、影很感人,我从没有看过一部比它更好的。考点2、 形容词修饰名词的位置1多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词,如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多,则音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后。它们的顺序是:限定词(冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词)+数词(序数词,基数词)+描绘性形容词(nice,good,interesting,beautiful)+特征形容词(大小、长短、高低、形状、年龄、新旧)+颜色形容词+国籍、出处+物质、材料+用途、类别+中心名词。我们可以用下面的一段顺El溜帮助记忆:限数描、大长高,形状年龄和新老。颜色国籍出材料,
15、作用类别往后靠。在实际运用中,很少会同时出现这么多修饰词,但我们必须记住以上规则,此外,还应当多阅读,多体会,以增强语感。如:another three English books另外三本英语书;a beautiful white Chinese military jeep一辆漂亮的白色中国军用吉普车2形容词作定语后置的几种情况(1)当形容词修饰由some,any,IlO,every构成的复合词,如something,anything,nothing等时。如:Is there anything new in todayS newspaper?今天的报纸上有什么新的东西吗?(2)当“形容词+介词
16、/不定式”构成的短语作定语时。如:There is a bag full of rice on his table他的桌上有满满一袋米。(3)当两个意义相反的形容词用bothand,and,or或so连接在一起作定语时。如:People in the village,young and old,men and women are fond of singing and dancing村里的男女老幼都喜爱唱歌跳舞。(4)当old,long,high,wide,deep等词附有数量词短语作定语时。如:The peasants dug a well about fifty metres deep农民
17、们挖了一口约五十米深的井。(5)有些表语形容词作定语时,如afraid,alone,awake,asleep,alive,ashamed,worth等。如:Tom was the only boy awake at that time汤姆是那时唯一醒着的男孩。考点3 形容词、副词的辨析1形容词主要用来修饰名词,也可修饰something,nothing等不定代词,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。作状语时表示伴随、原因等,或是对主语进行解释,可以看成是“being+形容词”,位于句首、句中或句尾,表示伴随时通常用逗号与其他成分隔开He lay in bed,wide awake他躺在床上,
18、完全清醒着。He went to bed,cold and hungry他上床睡觉,又冷又饿。2副词主要用作状语,修饰动词、形容词、从句或整个句子。修饰整个句子时,可置于句首、句中或句尾Fortunately,he escaped from the fire他幸运地从大火中逃了出来。3有些副词有两种形式,其中一种形式与形容词形式相同,另一种是在形容词后加ly。这两种形式的副词在意义上有所不同:不带ly的副词往往表示的是具体概念(也就是词的本义);加ly的往往表示抽象概念(也就是词的引申义)。close接近(指距离)_closely仔细地,密切地;free免费_freely自由地,自如地;dee
19、p深地_deeply深刻地,深入地;wide充分(张开)地,宽阔地_+widely广泛地;high高地_highly高度地,非常;late迟,晚一lately最近,近来;near邻近地_nearly几乎;most最一mosdy主要地。如:He jumped that high in the sports meeting in our school and is highly thought of by his classmates他在我们学校运动会上跳得那么高,赢得了同学们的高度赞扬。特别提示一般说来,形容词+ly构成的是副词,如:deeply,highly,widely等;名词+ly构成的是
20、形容词或名词,如:friendly,brotherly,lovely,weekly,monthly等。4rather,very,quite,fairly的区别(1)rather常用来修饰贬义的形容词或副词,如bad,poor,badly等;faifly常用来修饰褒义的形容词或副词,如nice,well,clever等。如:She is fairly clever,but does rather badly in her lessons她很聪明,但她的功课做得相当差。(2)如果修饰中性的形容词或副词,如easy,fast,thin等,fairly表示肯定的概念,即说话人的态度是赞美的、满意的;而
21、rather表示否定的概念,即说话人是不满意的。如:Ille soup is fairly hot这汤还算热。(表示喜欢热汤)The soup is rather hot这汤太烫了。(表示讨厌太烫的汤)特别提示rather可用在similar,different,too,介词like,以及形容词、副词的比较级之前,也可修饰动词,而fairly,quite则不能,但可以说quite better。如:今天比昨天暖和得多。【误】It is fairly warmer today than yesterday【正】It is rather warmer today than yesterday(3)
22、quite表示的程度比fairly深,表示主观看法,可理解为“十分”。如:The news is quite amazing这个消息十分惊人。(4)fairly只能用在不定冠词之后;而quite和rather用于不定冠词前、后皆可。如:This is a fairly heavy/rather a heavy/a rather heavy/a quite heavy/quite a heavy job for US对我们来说,这是一项相当繁重的工作。另外,rather有时与褒义词尤其是表示“好”的词连用时,强调被修饰词的程度,可与fairly,quite互换。如:Your English is
23、 rather/fairly/quite good你的英语相当好。高考经常考查形容词的辨析和副词的辨析,所以我们在学习中要注意近义词的用法差异。以下是常见的几组近义词:alone,lonely;living,alive,live,lively;likely,possible,probable;no more than,not more than;no less than,not less than;too much,much too;no longer,no more;almost,nearly。2016高考模拟试题精讲精炼1. Bicycling is good exercise; _, i
24、t does not pollute the air. A. neverthelessB. besidesC. otherwiseD. therefore【答案】B【考点】本题考察副词含义辨析。www.【解析】根据句意:“骑自行车是一种很好的运动方式,而且又不会造成大气污染”故选B(besides而且,加之,除此以外)。词汇 副词besides 2. We used to see each other , but I havent head from him since last year. A. especially B. regularly C. particularly D. appro
25、ximately【考点】副词词义辨析【答案】B【解析】A项意为“尤其;特别”;B项意为“定期地,经常地”;C项意为“特别,尤其”;D项意为“近似地,大约”。根据句意“我们原来经常见面,但从去年我就没再收到过他的信”。3. The hotel is almost finished, but it _ needs one or two weeks to get ready for guests.A. only B. also C. even D. still 【答案】 D 【考点】本题考查副词用法【解析】根据句意“这个旅馆差不多竣工了,但仍还要一两周才可以接待客人。”选still(仍然,还)。4.
26、 Many people have donated that type of blood; however, the blood bank needs _.A. some B. less C. much D. more【答案】D【考点】形容词考点。比较级,根据句意即刻判断。5. This restaurant wasnt that other restaurant we went to. A. half as good as B. as half good as C. as good as half D. good as half as 【答案】A【解析】在asas句型中,倍数放在第一个as的
27、前面,故A正确。句意:这家饭店不及我们去过另一家的一半好。【考点】考查形容词同等比较句型。6. The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much _.A. the best B. bestC. better D. the better 【答案】D 【解析】此处so much修饰名词,所以用the better的形式。句意:这结果对我们来说不很重要,但如果我们真的赢了,那就太好了。【考点】考查形容词、副词的比较等级的用法。7. Be _ you cant expect me to finish all t
28、his work in so little time. A. reasonableB. confidentC. creative D. grateful 【答案】A【解析】此处confident信心;creative有创造力的;grateful感激的;reasonable有道理的。句意:要讲道理,你不能指望我在如此短的时间里完成所有的工作。【考点】考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。8.He is _ careless that whatever you say to him goes in at one ear and out at the other. A. so B. very C. such D. too【答案】A【解析】考查句式结构。 “so + 形容词+ that”为固定用法。句意为:他太粗心了,以至于你无论和他说什么,他都是一只耳朵进,另一只耳朵出。9.Samuel cant help having a big nose it is _ of him to be curious about others affairs Atypical Bconstant Cconsiderate Dunique【答案】A【解析】 考查形容词辨析。Itis typicalofsbtodo sth.做某事是某人的风格。句意为:Samuel总是爱管闲事-对别人的事情好奇是他的风格。