1、UNIT 4 SHARING突破语法大冲关 短语英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。观察例句 1So Ive been here in the jungle for about a month now.2My secondary school is a bush school.3It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in w
2、eeds.4Ive had to become much more imaginative in my teaching.5Right now Im feeling very excited.归纳用法 1例句 1 中的黑体部分为介词短语。2例句 2 中的黑体部分为名词短语。3例句 3 中的黑体部分为动词短语。4例句 4 中的黑体部分为形容词短语。5例句 5 中的黑体部分为副词短语。一、名词短语 名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。many good students 许多优秀的学生 his be
3、autiful wife 他美丽的妻子 the best answer 最好的答案 those sweet roses 那些甜美的玫瑰 These red roses are for you.(作主语)这些红玫瑰是送给你的。He brought a new book with him.(作宾语)他带来了一本新书。He is my best friend.(作表语)他是我最好的朋友。名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如 a book 同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听
4、众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如 Of those answers，this one is the best.这里的 the best 指的就是 the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。即学即练 1 找出下列句中的名词短语，并指出其作什么成分。I have three close friends.There are some red roses on that small table.The cute boy wearing
5、blue jeans is my brother.three close friends 作宾语 some red roses 作主语；that small table 作宾语 the cute boy 作主语；blue jeans 作宾语；my brother 作表语 二、形容词短语 形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。1两个或多个形容词可以由 and，but 等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语)你的房间大且美丽。He is young but clever.(作表语)他年轻但聪明。2very 等程度
6、副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。It is very hot today.(作表语)今天很热。The road is long enough.(作表语)这路够长的。3介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。I am sure of success.(作表语)我确信会成功的。The bottle is full of water.(作表语)瓶子里装满了水。4不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。He is sure to come.(作表语)他一定会来的。名师点津 形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。1形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作
7、或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语)他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语)那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语)不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。2形容词短语作后置定语 Fac
8、tories，big or small，can be seen there.在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。The house worth is 500，000 yuan was sold by his son.那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。即学即练 2 找出下列句中的形容词短语，并指出其作什么成分。Glad to accept，the girl nodded her agreement.The room was awfully dirty.He cast it a second time，and drew in an old basket full of sand.glad
9、to accept 作原因状语 awfully dirty 作表语 full of sand 作后置定语 三、副词短语 副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。1两个或多个副词可以由 and，but 等对等连词构成副词短语。I tried again and again.(作状语)我试了一遍又一遍。2very，extremely，clearly 等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。He runs extremely fast.(作状语)他跑得快极了。The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语)老师说得够清楚的。3其他类型的
10、副词短语 I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldnt fall asleep deep into the night.(作状语)他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语)我们每天给卧室通通风。即学即练 3 找出下列句中的副词短语 He can finish that much quicker.She types quickly and correctly.That man talked too much.much quickerquickly and correctlyt
11、oo much四、动词短语 动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型：1动词介词 go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由构成，arrive at 到达 He wants to check with his secretary before h
12、e signs the paper.在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。He has been asked to account for his absence.他已被要求说明缺席的原因。2动词副词 eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿 They were so far away that I couldnt make out their faces clearly.他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。Trains stop here in order to pick up passeng
13、ers only.火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。名师点津“动词副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.3动词副词介词 catch up with 赶上，get on with 与相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续 Hav
14、e the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully?律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍呢？There are some things that teachers will not put up with.有些事情教师是不会容忍的。4动词名词介词 catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给上课，make friends with 与交朋友，take care of 照料 We must keep pace with the new development of modern scienti
15、fic research.我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。People who take part in sports must be in condition.参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。5动词形容词介词 be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕 Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not.人皆好名，我则不然。You coward!What are you afr
16、aid of?你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？即学即练 4 找出下列句中的动词短语 I dont get on with the people at work.I dont much care for television.Im afraid Ill have to ring off.Someone is calling me.get on withcare forring off五、介词短语 介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。1常见的介词短语(1)介词名词：at the door，into the bag(2)介词代词：for me，of othe
17、rs(3)介词动名词：in doing so，to my saying that(4)介词连接副词/连接代词/what 从句：over what he had better do(5)介词连接副词/连接代词不定式：on how to do this(6)介词介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner(7)介词副词：from below(8)介词复合结构：with the light on(9)介词不定式(but/except)：.did nothing but sleep 2介词短语的用法(1)用作表语 The house is in fair
18、ly good condition.这所房子状况尚好。She looks like her mother.她像她母亲。(2)用作宾语 Choose a book from among these.从这些书中选一本吧。The window is never opened except in summer.除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开。(3)用作定语 I like the design on his tie.我喜欢他领带上的图案。Ive decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th.我决定 18 号下午离开。(4)用作状语 Mr Smith was in
19、jured in the war.史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。He walked by me without noticing me.他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。(5)用作补语 Kelly is employed as a mechanic.(宾语补足语)凯利受雇当技工。He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语)他被认为是本城最好的医生。即学即练 5 找出下列句中的介词短语 A man stepped out from behind the wall.Change the oil in the car every 5，000 miles
20、.I saw him walking along the street.from behind the wallin the caralong the street.指出下列句中的黑体部分属于哪种类型的短语 1The kids are playing on the grass rather happily._ 2They picnicked in the woods._ 3I wont go home until after the exam._ 4It was no surprise when we were told that our grandfather had passed away
21、._ 副词短语介词短语介词短语名词短语5Do you know the reason why the automobile breaks down？_ 6At last，the police found out the car full of drugs._ 动词短语形容词短语.完成句子 1I can to catch you at least.我跑得足够快，至少能抓到你。2 I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to 我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。3Did you do this 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？run fast enoughbe patient with himby design or by accident?4This is an article 这是一篇很值得研究的文章。5They need more materials relevant to 他们需要更多的和目前问题有关的资料。the present questionworthy of careful study点击右图进入 课 时 分 层 作 业 Thank you for watching!
