1、高考资源网（） 您身边的高考专家哈尔滨市2014高考英语阅读理解、动词短语精讲讲练（8）及答案Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn income. This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment, so it includes employers and the self-employed. Labor is one of the count
2、rys resources which can be combined with other resources to produce the goods and services wanted by the community.Although the size of the workforce depends a great deal on the size of the total population, there are several other influences which also affect it. The age distribution (分布) of the to
3、tal population has a very marked effect on the available workforce. If the population has a high proportion of very young people or of those too old to work, then the available workforce would be lower than if there were a balanced spread age distribution. If the population naturally grows rapidly,
4、the number of births greatly exceeds (超出) the number of deaths then as a total population increases proportion of the workforce declines.Sometimes a population is described as aging which means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly, and as people retire from the workforce ther
5、e are insufficient numbers of young people entering it to replace those who are leaving it. In that situation the population is top-heavy with older people. So the percentage of the population in the workforce declines when there is either a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate. The age
6、distribution of the population has several important effects on the economy. If the population is aging and there is an increase in the number of people retiring without a corresponding increase in the number entering the workforce, this raises the problem of the ability of the economy to provide a
7、reasonable level of social services to the retired group. If the aged are to be cared for in special homes, finance must be available for that purpose. If the size of the workforce is small relative to the total population, then the government tax revenue (税收) is relatively low and either the govern
8、ment has less money available to it or workforce members have to be taxed more heavily. 49. In the passage “labor force” is defined as _. A. people who are available to work and earn income B. self-employed people who have the ability to work C. people who are looking for an employment D. employers
9、who have created job opportunities 50. From the second paragraph we can draw the conclusion that _. A. a natural growth of population always leads to a balanced workforceB. a large population does not necessarily mean a higher proportion of workforce C. the larger the population is, the higher the p
10、roportion of the workforce will be D. the workforce will be lower if the population has a balanced age distribution 51. When a population is said to be aging，_. A. there are more people retiring than those entering the workforce B. the birth rate in the area must be lower that that of death thereC.
11、there should be an oversupply of the workforce members D. there are more people entering the workforce than those retiring52. The population which is top-heavy with older people _ of a country.A. leads to the high rate of unemployment B. results in low tax on workforce members C. affects employees i
12、ncomes D. places pressure on the economy参考答案49-52 ABAD *结束动词及动词短语精讲教案解题过程 1、及物动词后面必须接宾语的动词叫做及物动词。有的动词必须接一个宾语，有的必须接两个宾语。 单宾语 He is sreading amagazine. 他正在读一本杂志。 双宾语 MrZhang teaches us English. 张老师教我们英语。 复合宾语必须接一个宾语同时接一个补语 We often hear him sing in the park. 我们经常听到他在公园里唱歌。 2、不及物动词本身意义完整，后面不需要接宾语。 例如：
13、The rain stopped. 雨停了。 What happened yesterday? 昨天发生了什么？ 注意：不及物动词没有被动语态。 3、实际上很多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。我举一个例子，就说write。如I am writing.和I am writing aletter.在前一个句子write是不及物动词，在后一个句子write是及物动词。 又如，see是及物动词，但在特殊情况下如seeing is believing。及物动词有被动形式（因为被动形式的本质就是把宾语作为主语，所以能加宾语才可能会有被动式）。与之相对，不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，如果要跟宾语必须在病愈之前
14、加上介词。因此，不及物动词没有被动形式。举个例子：give给，要说give sb sth sb sth.都是give 的宾语，因此give在这里是及物动词rise升起The sun rises.后面不加宾语的，所以rise是不及物动词raise提升She raised the gun.她举起枪。枪是宾语，使举的对象，所以raise在这里是及物动词。另外有一点，英语中有不少单词既可以做及物动词也可以作不及物动词的。比如sing等，既可以说sing a song,也可以直接说sb sing一、过去分词用在被动语态时1、把握的关键（1）有些动词既是及物(vt.)又是不及物(vi.)，但表达形式不同其
15、含义也就不同。（2）只有用作及物动词的过去分词才可以构成被动语态。（3）用作不及物动词(vi.)的过去分词不适用于被动语态，通常只能用主动形式表被动的含义，说明主语的性质、状态、特征等。常见的有下列动词：sell, wash , write, read, tear, wear, open, close, shut, lock, begin, start, stop, last, translate, , belong to, iron, smoke, eat, smell, taste, look, fell, sound, appear, turn out, prove, 等。2、示例 a.
16、 This shirt has to be washed (vt.)and ironed (vt.) every day. But luckily it washes (vi.) well and irons (vi.) easily. 这件衬衫每天都得洗熨，但幸运的是它好洗易熨。 b. The breakfast this morning wan cooked (vt.) enough but eaten (vt.) only a little because it didnt cooked (vi.) very well and not eaten (vi.) deliciously. 今
17、天的早饭做得多但吃得少是因为做得不好，吃起来不香。c. The story was written (vt.) by Tom .It writes well and reads easily.(vi.) 这个故事是汤姆写的。故事写得好，容易读懂。二、过去分词用作非谓语动词时 （一）先用表格呈现总轮廓过去分词vt.vi.说 明一般式1.表被动 2.动作已经完成1.表主动 2.动作已经完成只有一种时态和语态形式否定形式not + 过去分词要否定分词所表示的动作，在其前加not 过去分词 短语过去分词+宾语或状语过去分词可以和自己的宾语或状语构成分词短语 独立主格 结构名词/人称代词主格 + 过去分
18、词只用作状语，即：过去分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语和句子的主语不相一致，就要在前加名词或人称代词主格句法功能作定语、宾语补足语、表语、状语过去分词用作非谓语动词，其作用相当于形容词或副词（二）根据句法作用理清用法1、作定语 1) 把握的关键： a. 单个的过去分词作前置定语（个别几个过去分词习惯上后置）。 b. 过去分词短语作后置定语。 c. 及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语（即它所修饰的名词）之间是被动关系，强调动作已完成，可以扩展为一个谓语动词是被动语态的定语从句。 d. 不及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语之间是主动关系（即：只说明逻辑主语所处的状态、特点、特征等），强调动作已完成，可以扩展为一个
19、谓语动词是主动语态的定语从句。2) 示例w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m a. a repaired car (vt. /前置，动作已完成)= a car which has been repaired 一辆修好了的车子 b. a question discussed yesterday (vt. /后置，动作已完成) = a question which was discussed yesterday 一个昨天讨论过的问题c. the risen sun (vi. /前置，动作已完成) = the sun which has risen 升起的太阳d. the fallen leave
20、s on the ground (vi. /后置，动作已完成) = the leaves which have fallen on the ground 落在地面上的树叶3) 还应注意：某些过去分词脱离了动词特征当作形容词使用作定语时，表示人的心里状态、情感变化等，即：人对事物所产生的心理反应或看法，“人感到” 。例如：a. the excited boys 这些激动的孩子（= the boys who feel excited 即：孩子们感到激动）b. the surprised look on her face 她脸上吃惊的表情（= people feel surprised when s
21、eeing the look on her face 即：人看了感到吃惊的表情）c. an interested man 一个有趣之人（= people think that the man is interesting 即：人们觉得此人很有趣。）2、做宾语补足语1) 把握的关键a. 过去分词作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语就是它的宾语。b. 及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语之间是被动关系，动作已完成。c. 不及物动词只有gone, come, arrived, risen, fallen, left等少数几个动词可以用来作宾语补足语, 并且和逻辑主语之间是主动关系，动作已完成。 2) 示例a. I h
22、eard him hit by his father yesterday. （vt./被动）我听说他昨天挨父亲的打了。 b. He had his car repaired. (vt. /被动) 他把车子修好了。c. She fell asleep, without the light turned off. (vt. /被动)她没关灯就睡着了。 d. When I got to the station, I found the train gone/left. （vi./主动） 到车站时，我发现火车已开走。3、作表语1) 把握的关键a. 只限于单个过去分词作表语（过去分词短语不作表语）。b.
23、 只有 come, gone, left 等少数几个不及物动词的过去分词可以用来作表语。c. 能用作表语的过去分词已脱离了动词的特征，只当作形容词使用，说明主语的状态，即人对事物的看法以及心理反应等。2) 示例a. The glass is broken. 这个杯子破了。b. He is very excited at the news. 听到这个消息他很激动。c. Hearing the bad news, she felt very disappointed. 听到这个坏消息，她很失望。d. Spring is come, and the weather is getting warmer
24、. 春天来了，天气也暖和了起来。e. My hope is gone. 我的希望破灭了。4、作状语1) 把握的关键a. 过去分词（短语）作状语时，和逻辑主语（句子的主语）之间存在被动关系，所表示的动作在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生或完成。b. 用作状语的过去分词（短语）的逻辑主语要和句子的主语相一致（即：同一个人或物），否则，就要用独立主格结构，或相应的状语从句表达。2) 示例a. Not written interestingly, the book doesnt sell well.这本书写得没意思，因而销售不畅。（作原因状语。written 的逻辑主语是the story, 存在逻辑
25、上的被动关系；动作在sell之前完成。） 又如： b. Repaired, the car runs very well. （作时间状语）车子修过之后，运行很正常。c. He came into the room, followed by his students. (作伴随状语) 他走进了教室，学生跟随其后。d. Given more time, I can do it better. (作条件状语)如果多给些的时间，我会把此事做得更好一些。e. Warned many times, he didnt pay enough attention to it. (作让步状语)提醒过他好多次，可他
26、就是对此没有引起足够的注意。f. The work finished, we sat down and had a rest. 工作干完了之后，我们坐下来休息了一会。 （独立主格结构作时间状语。finished的逻辑主语是the work） 再如：g. The thief sat on the ground, his hands tied behind his back. (独立主格结构作伴随/方式状语) 小偷坐在地上，手被绑在背后。h. All considered, you can start the work. (独立主格结构作条件状语)如一切都考虑周全的话，你可以开始这项工作了。3)
27、还应注意：a. 作状语的过去分词（短语）只为句子的一个成份。因此，和句子的中间不能插入任何并列连词，比如and ,but ,so 等。例如：Told many times, but he didnt do it well. ( but 使用错误) b. 过去分词（短语）作状语时，还可以在前面加上相应的连词，如：when, while, as, after, before, till, until, if, unless, although, though, even if，even though, once等（但是独立主格结构前再不能加这类连词）；或改写成相应的状语从句（除伴随状语外）。例如：
28、i.（ If ）permitted, we can leave right now. (= If we are permitted, we can leave right now.) 如果许可，我们现在就走。ii.（ When ）heated, ice will be changed into water. (= When it is heated, ice will be changed into water. 冰加热时，就会变成水。iii. (Once) seen, it can never be forgotten. (= Once it is seen, it can never be
29、 forgotten. 这东西一旦看到一次，就永远也忘不了。 iv. (Although) written for the teachers, the book is also useful to the students. (= Although it is written for the teacher, the book is also useful to the students. 尽管这本书是为老师写的，对学生也有用 Mini Book Excerpts（节选）BiographyWhen Salinger learned that a car park was to be built
30、 on the land, the middle-aged writer was shocked and quickly bought the neighboring area to protect it The townspeople never forgot the rescue and came to help their most famous neighbor. J. D. Salinger: A Life by Kenneth Slawenski (Random House,$27)Mystery（疑案小说）Youre a smart boy. Bennys death was n
31、o accident, and youre the only one who saw it happen. Do you think the murderer should get away with it? The boy was staring stubbornly at his lap again. A thought suddenly occurred to Annika, Did you You recognized the man in the car, didnt you?The boy hesitated, twisting his fingers, Maybe, he sai
32、d quietly. Red Wolf by Liza Marklund(Atria Books, $25. 99)Short Stories She wants to say to him what she has learned, none of it in class. Some women are born stupid, and some women are too smart for their own good. Some women are born to give, and some women only know how to take. Some women learn
33、who they want to be from their mothers, some who they dont want to be. Some mothers suffer so their daughters wont. Some mothers love so their daughters wont. You Are Free by Danzy Senna （Riverhead Books,$15）HumorDo your kids like to have fun? Come to Fun Times! Do you like to watch your kids having
34、 fun? Bring them to Fun Times! Fun Timess “amusement cycling” is the most fun you can have in the United States right now. Why spend thousands of dollars flying to Disney World when you can spend less than half to that within a days drive in most cities? Happy And Other Bad Thoughts by Larry Doyle（E
35、cco,$14. 99）64. If the readers want to know about the life of Salinger, they should buy the book published by _. A. EccoB. Atria BooksC. Riverhead BooksD. Random House65. The book Happy And Other Bad Thoughts is intended for . A. young children B. Disney World workers C. middle school teachers D. pa
36、rents with young children66. Which book describes women with characters of their own? A. Happy And Other Bad Thoughts B. J. D. Salinger: A Life2C. You Are Free D. Red Wolf 67. After finishing the book Red Wolf, the readers would learn that . A. the boy helped arrest the murderer B. Benny died of an
37、accident C. the murderer got away with the crime D. Annika carried out the crime参考答案 64-67 DDCA *结束 Are you an optimist? Do you look at your glass and see it as half full? Do you believe that every cloud has a silver lining and that generally things turn out for the best? Do you believe that if some
38、thing is meant to be, it will be? If you reply “yes” to all of these questions, then you are an optimist. You probably are enthusiastic, cheerful and outgoing. You may well be successful at work and in love.But you may be misguided because things dont turn out for the best. You may believe that when
39、 one door closes another one opens (for example，you may fail to obtain a new job，another chance will come around soon), Wrong. When one door closes, another door slams in your face. Thats bitter reality.Now a book has been published which confirms what we pessimists (悲观者）have suspected all along. It
40、s called The Positive Power of Defensive Pessimism. Its author argues that defensive pessimism can lead to positive results. Defensive pessimism is a strategy used to manage fear, anxiety and worry. Defensive pessimists prepare for things by setting low outcomes for themselves. They carefully consid
41、er everything that may go wrong and plan for ways to handle these problems. And this gives them a sense of control. Lawrence Sanno, a psychology professor, says, “Whats interesting about defensive pessimists is that they tend to be very successful people, so their low opinion of the situations outco
42、mes is not realistic. They use it to motivate themselves to perform better. ”So far, so good. This is not rocket science. Defensive pessimists prepare carefully and consider what might go wrong, whether at work, on a date or even in a sports game. It makes sense to have a back-up plan. There are man
43、y sayings in English urging caution. For example, “Dont put all your eggs in one basket,” and “ Dont count your chickens until they hatch. “ To have a confident and optimistic approach to lifes problems is good. But listen to what Woody Alien，the American comedian says, ”Confidence is what you have
44、before you understand the problem.”There are pros and cons to being an optimist and a pessimist. Dont feel bad if you see the glass half empty. You are a realist. But lighten up and hook up with someone who sees the same glass half full.68. What is the passage mainly about?A. A book that has recentl
45、y been published.B. The dangers of being too optimistic.C. The benefits of defensive pessimism.D. How to become successful in life.69. The underlined sentence “This is not rocket science” in paragraph 4 means _.A. the cost is not so high B. there is no real proofC. its not a dangerous thing to do D.
46、 it is quite simple to understand70. The writer would probably describe himself as_.A. an optimistB. a realist C. a defeatist D. a scientist71. Which of the following English expressions would a defensive pessimist believe? A. “Every cloud has a silver lining.”B. “The glass is half full not half emp
47、ty.”C. “Whatever will be, will be.” D. “Dont put all your eggs in one basket.”参考答案 68-71 CDBD *结束 In 1986，when Carlo Petrini first coined the term “Slow Food，” he organized locally in his native Italy to preserve the food and wine culture and protest fast food.Today, slow food has spread to 132 coun
48、tries with over 85, 000 members, addressing worldwide issues like farmer equity and environmental stewardshipthe actions people take to respect the rights of all living things and all environments, to contribute to healthy and livable communities.Characterized by Slow Food International as “good, cl
49、ean, and fair food，” slow food must enrich the eaters life，have no negative impact on human or environmental health，and compensate fairly for food producers work.The average American meal travels about 1,500 miles to its final destination, with producing of food traveling by plane from overseas and
50、other items shipped across the country.However，cost for food travel and heavy processing are not the only problems in the food industry that the environment faces. Industrial agriculture also has unsustainable practices like inefficient water use and decreased biodiversity. Our ideas in feeding ours
51、elves are exceptional, but at various points our technologies come into conflict with natures ways of doing things. A great many of the health and environmental problems created by our food system owe to our attempts to oversimplify natures complexities, at both the growing and the eating ends of ou
52、r food chain.“Slowing” food, by purchasing locally and sustainably, allows consumers to reduce the impact of “food miles” and develop a closer relationship with their food producers.“ We need to change our food system，” said David Prior, organizer of Slow Food Nation EatIn. “Our current food system
53、is sick and we need to support farmers and agriculture to ensure that everyone has the right to nutritious food.”72. The main idea of the passage can be summarized as_.A. why slow food is so important B. the food and wine culture is rich in ItalyC. what youre eating always travels a long way D. slow
54、 food makes the current food system sick73. According to the second paragraph, “environmental stewardship” refers to_.A. measures of environmental protectionsB. ways to establish healthy and livable communitiesC. peoples admiration for all the creatures on the earthD. actions to protect the rights o
55、f all living things and environment74. Slow foods characteristic doesnt lie in_.A. improving the quality of eaters lifeB. providing a fair pay for food workersC. being friendly to human and environmental health D. developing a loose relationship with food producers75. What is David Priors attitude towards current food system? A. Suspicious. B. Unsatisfied. C. Indifferent. D. Supportive.参考答案 72-75 ADDB- 12 - 版权所有高考资源网
