1、请找出错误的句子并改正。1To catch the train, wed better to hurry to the station by taxi. 2It happened to be raining when I got there.3Im sorry to lose your key.4These are the books to give out to the students.5We decided not go out because of the bad weather. 6Its rude to turn your back to your teacher and refu
2、se answer. 7What he hoped was to be admitted into the university. 8He got to the station only find the train had gone.9I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting.10He had no choice but sit there as usual.11The river is dangerous to swim.12On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters
3、 write.答案:1删除better后面的to。23lose改为have lost。4give改为be given。5not后面加to。6refuse后面加to。78only后面加to。910but后面加to。11swim后面加in。12letters后面加to。不定式 (the Infinitive)一、不定式的形式常见的动词不定式分为以下几种形式:1一般式由“to动词原形”构成。2否定式由“notto动词原形”构成。3省略式由“(to)动词原形”或not (to)动词原形构成。4疑问式由“疑问词to动词原形”构成。5完成式由“tohave done”构成。6被动式由“to be done
4、 ”构成。7进行式由“to be doing ”构成。8完成进行式由“to have been doing”构成。不定式没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化,不定式可作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但不可作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语常用“for代词或代词宾语”充当。二、 不定式的用法1作主语。不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语。To_see (主语) is to_believe眼见为实。It(形主) is right to give_up_smoking(真主)戒烟是对的。2作宾语。 不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用it作形式宾语
5、。He wanted to_go(宾语)他想走。I find it(宾) interesting(宾补) to_work_with_him(真宾)我发现和他一起工作很有趣。3作宾语补足语。He asked me to_do the work with him.他叫我跟他一起做这个工作。带to的不定式作宾补,常见的动词有:allow,order,force,permit,ask,tell,want,wish,forbid,advise,persuade,warn等。注意:(1)在feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice,observe,see,watch,have,l
6、et,make等词后的宾语补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。I saw him enter the room just now.刚才我看到他进入房间。He was seen to_enter the room just now.有人看见他刚才进了房间。(2)不定式动词在介词but,except,besides 后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的某种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。She could do nothing but_cry她什么都不会做,只会哭。What do you like to do besides_swim
7、?除游泳外你还喜欢什么?I have no choice but_to_wait. 我不得不等待。4作定语。I have some magazines for you to_read我有几本杂志给你读。注意:(1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词,且不能省略。She is looking for a room to live in她在找房间住。There is nothing to worry about没什么可担心的。Please give me a knife to cut with请给我把刀子来切东西。但是,
8、不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。He had no money and no place to_live他没钱,也没地方住。(2)当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但意义有所不同。试比较:Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send表主动,动作执行者是you) Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent表被动,动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone
9、else)5作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。 I came here to_see you.(目的)We were very excited to_hear the news.(原因)He hurried to the school to_find nobody there. (结果)To_look at him,you would like him.(条件)不定式作状语的一些特殊情况:目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to表示。In order to realize his dream,he works very hard.为了实现梦想,他学习很刻苦。We ran al
10、l the way so as not to be late.为了不迟到,我们是一路跑来的。不定式也可以用在作表语用的形容词后面充当状语。I am very glad(表语) to_hear(状语) it. 听见这事我很高兴。The question is difficult(表语) to_answer(状语)这个问题很难回答。“too形容词或副词不定式”也可作状语。 He is too old to do that.他太老不能做这事了。句子中有enough修饰形容词或副词时,后面常用不定式作状语。The room is big enough to hold us.这间屋子够大,能容下我们。6
11、作表语。My job is to_help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。7作独立成分。To_tell_the_truth,I dont agree with you. 说实话,我不同意你的观点。8不定式的疑问形式常与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what_to_say(宾语) 他不知道说什么。How_to_solve_the_problem is very important.(主语)如何解决这个问题很重要。My question is when_to_start
12、(表语) 我的问题是什么时候开始。注意:不定式在与why连用时,只用于why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest?为什么不休息一下?三、 不定式的时态1不定式的一般式表示的动作,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know all his soldiers. 他似乎认识他所有的士兵。(不定式动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生)I hope to see you again.I hope that Ill see you again. 我希望再见到你。(不定式动作to see y
13、ou again发生在谓语hope之后)2不定式完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 很抱歉,让你久等了。He seems to have caught a cold.他好像已经得了感冒。3不定式进行时表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。They seemed to be eating something. 他们好像正在吃什么东西。4不定式的完成进行时表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。 She is known to have been working on
14、the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这个问题有好多年了。四、不定式的语态1当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.他请求去农村工作。(逻辑主语he,动作send表被动)2不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式,多数情况下是容易判断的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以下几点:(1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door?你有钥匙开门吗?
15、(2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。I have got a letter to write.我有封信要写。(即write的动作主语是I)He needs a room to live in.他需要房子住。(3)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people。He is hard to get along with.他很难相处。The sentence is difficult to understand.这个
16、句子难懂。(4)在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式。如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。有许多工作要做。There is a lot of work to do.There is a lot of work to be done.注意:试比较下列两个句子。There is nothing to do.无事可做,感到十分乏味。There is nothing to be done.某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。五、不定式的复合结构结构:for sb. to do sth./of sb. to do sth.常用句型:1It isadj
17、.for sb. to do sth.It is difficult for you to read this book. 你要读这本书是很困难的。Its bad for him to live alone.他独自生活是不好的。It is impossible for her to give up drinking.要她戒酒是不可能的。When will it be convenient for me to call?我何时方便去拜访呢?2It is形容词of宾语(逻辑上的主语)不定式(对of后的宾语称赞或责备时,用此句型)。It is silly of you to say so.You a
18、re silly to say so.你这样说实在太傻了。It is unwise of you to live alone.你要独自生活很愚蠢。It was bold of her to row up the river.她很大胆,敢向上游划船。It is very kind of you to do so.承蒙你这样做,实在太好了。3Itsadj.for sb. to do sth.与Itsadj.of sb. to do sth.的区别:for sb. to do sth.前面的形容词指的是外在特征、性质,而不是sb.本身拥有的。of sb. to do sth.前面的形容词指的是sb.
19、本身内在的本质特征或性质。Its very nice of you to help us.(nice 是人物本身的特征)Its easy for me to solve the problem.(easy 指的是相对于某人而言,而非某人内在的本质特征)1动词不定式具有动词的性质,但在句中不能单独作谓语。2动词不定式有形式的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。3动词不定式也具有非动词的性质,相当于一个名词、形容词或副词,可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。4动词不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时或在它之后发生。5动词不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。6动词不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。7动词不定式的被动形式是在不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时使用。8动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。