1、第四讲 顺藤摸瓜 明辨词义猜测名师点拨 技能提升 经典案例 全景剖析 分类集训 以小博大 跟踪训练 知能提长 考试说明指出：正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。设题方式知方向词义猜测题常见的
2、命题方式有以下几种：1The word/phrase“.”in the passage means_.2The word/phrase“.”could be best replaced by _.3Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to_？4The word/phrase“.”probably refers to _.5According to the passage，the word“.”is known as _.解题技巧明方法1利用上下文线索猜测词义(1)重述作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明
3、的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or，namely，that is，in other words，that is to say，to be more exact，to put in another way 等等。(2)定义作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如 i.e.，is，are，is/are called，mean，refer to，known as 等等。(
4、3)举例作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as，such.as，for example，for instance，like，including，especially 等。(4)同义词或近义词在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思。就能猜出另外一个词的意思。(5)反义词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether).or，unlike，
5、but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast，on the contrary，on the other hand 等。2根据语法知识猜测词义在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。3根据上下文逻辑猜测词义有时单词所在的上下文中没有明显的解释说明性线索，这时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一难词或短语的意义。4根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜
6、测词义。5根据常识或背景知识猜测词义有时考生可运用自己的常识或背景知识，根据上下文猜测词义。干扰特点晓陷阱1字面解释的选项词义猜测题考查的就是考生能不能结合文章其他信息来理解词句在具体语境中的意思，所以正确答案绝对不会是考生词句的字面解释。2与上下文结合不紧密的选项选项如果是上段、上上段或下段、下下段中的内容，是很难和所考查单词、词组或句子产生任何逻辑和语义关系的。猜测指代题时需利用上下文语境，理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系，使之明朗化，因为，代词多数都出现在被指代词之后，然后再代入原句，看逻辑关系是否通顺，句意是否合理。识真题高考这样考(2017高考全国卷C)Some of the world
7、s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its significance,and its potential as a unify
8、ing(联合)voice across cultures.Despite the celebrations,though,in the US.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older,and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz,Moran hopes to widen the
9、audience for jazz,make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture.“Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite，”Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan.“What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and unders
10、tand that jazz is not black and white anymore.Its actually color，and its actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move,because t
11、he way the world works is not the same，”says Moran.Last year,Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party，“just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music，”says Moran.“For me,its the recontextualization.In music,where
12、does the emotion(情感)lie？Are we，as humans，gaining any insight(感悟)on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts?Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context，”says Moran，“so I want to con
13、tinue those dialogues.Those are the things I want to foster.”28Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?ATo remember the birth of jazz.BTo protect cultural diversity.CTo encourage people to study music.DTo recognize the value of jazz.29What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 r
14、efer to?AJazz becoming more accessible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger.30What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz?AIt will disappear gradually.BIt remains black and white.CIt should keep up with the times.DIt cha
15、nges every 50 years.31Which of the following can be the best title for the text?AExploring the Future of JazzBThe Rise and Fall of JazzCThe Story of a Jazz MusicianDCelebrating the Jazz Day师说高考新动向：高考特别注意对文化品格的考查。文化品格指对中外文化的理解和对优秀文化的认同，是考生在全球化背景下表现出的知识素质、人文修养和行为取向。练技能题目这样做现身说法29解析：选 C。代词指代题。第二段提到在美国爵
16、士乐的听众数量正在减少，爵士乐未能受到年轻一代的欢迎，第三段首句提到 Jason Moran 的工作就是要帮助改变这一现象，由此可知that 指代“爵士乐不受年轻人欢迎”这一现象，故选 C 项。A 项曲解文意，根据第三段中的 Moran hopes to.make the music more accessible 可知，Jason Moran 希望爵士乐能更容易被人们了解，显然该项“爵士乐正变得更容易被人们了解”不符合文意。B 项无中生有，文章没有提到“爵士乐的制作变快了”。D项颠倒是非，根据第二段中的 in the US.the jazz audience continues to shr
17、ink 可知，在美国爵士乐的听众数量正在减少，该项与文意恰恰相反。28解析：选 D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“.to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(联合)voice across cultures.”可知，设立国际爵士乐日是为了提高人们 对爵士乐的认识，故选 D 项“认可爵士乐的价值”。A、B、C 三项无中生有，文章没有提及 A 项“纪念爵士乐的诞生”、B 项“保护文化的多样性”和 C 项“鼓励人们学习音乐”。30解析：选 C。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中 Jaso
18、n Moran的话可知，他认为世界的运作方式跟以前不一样了，爵士乐也应该继续发展，故选 C 项。A 项无中生有，文章没有提到“爵士乐会逐渐消失”。B 项颠倒是非，根据第四段中的“.jazz is not black and white anymore.”可知，爵士乐不再是黑白的。D 项无中生有，文章没有提到“爵士乐每 50 年改变一次”。31解析：选 A。标题归纳题。文章介绍了国际爵士乐日的设立，讨论了爵士乐现在面临的问题，即未受到年轻一代的关注，且其娱乐方面的属性已经丢失，故 A 项“探索爵士乐的未来”作为标题最合适。B 项曲解文意，文章不是介绍“爵士乐的兴衰”。C 项无中生有，文章没有讲述
19、“一个爵士乐音乐家的故事”。D 项以偏概全，第一段提到了国际爵士乐日的设立，但文章不是主要介绍“庆祝爵士乐日”的。语篇框架答 案：recognice/realize the value of Jazz raise awareness of jazz music its significance The poor situation that jazz is facing1猜单词义(1)(2016高考全国卷乙阅读 C 节选)I am Peter Hodes，a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March 2012，Ive done 89 tripsof tho
20、se,51 have been abroad.I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last.In all，from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can be implanted in the patient，weve got 72 hours at most.So I am always cons
21、cious of time.Q：Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier”in Paragraph 1?Aprovider Bdelivery manCcollector Dmedical doctor解析：根据画线单词后的 Ive done 89 trips 以及.from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can be implanted in the patient，weve got 72 hou
22、rs.可知，“我”是一个运送干细胞的人，运送有严格的时间限制，故“送货员”与之相符合。答案 B(2)(2015高考全国卷，C)The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合 作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.Q：What do
23、es the word“contributions”in the last paragraph refer to?AArtworks.BProjects.CDonations.DDocuments.解析：最后一段强调了对主要作品进行了精选(the fine selection of the major works)，又点明 contributions 来自其他机构，所以可推断出 contributions 应该属于 works 的范畴。故选项 A 正确。答案 A(3)(2014高考全国卷B)Sadly，the abundance of passenger pigeons may have be
24、en their undoing.Where the birds were most abundant，people believed there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands.Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain，waited until pigeons had settled to feed，then threw large nets over them，taking hundreds at a time.The
25、birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.By the closing decades of the 19th century，the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans need for wood，which scattered(驱散)the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north，where cold temperatures and spr
26、ing storms contributed to their decline.Soon the great flocks were gone，never to be seen again.Q：The underlined word“undoing”probably refers to the pigeons_.Aescape BruinCliberation Devolution解析：根据文章第三段后半部分提到的 commercial hunters的捕捉方法和第四段旅鸽数目的下降可知，旅鸽受到了很大的伤害，因此该词的意思为“毁灭”。故选项 B 正确。答案 B2猜代词指代义(2016高考全国
27、卷阅读 B)Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.By the time the group got up to leave，it was pouring outside.Weltys new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab.Heading back downtown toward her hotel，her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their B
28、ig Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚)“My friend said：Now we believe your stories，”Welty added.“And I said：Now you know.These are the people that make me write them.”Sitting on a sofa in her room，Welty，a slim figure in a simple gray dress，looked pleased with this explanation.“I dont ma
29、ke them up，”she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I dont have to.”Q：The underlined word“them”in Paragraph 6 refers to Weltys_.Areaders BpartiesCfriends Dstories解析：本题可利用上文线索猜测词义。根据画线词上文内容可知，朋友们相信 Eudora Welty 的故事是真实的，正是在现实生活中从这些陌生人的口中得到的信息才让她写出这些故事。由此可推出，them 指代的应该是前面的
30、stories。故选 D。答案 D3猜短语义(2016高考全国丙卷阅读 C 节选)There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so its a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall fo
31、r it.Q：What does the underlined phrase“a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean?AA practical idea.BA vain hope.CA brilliant plan.DA selfish desire.解析：根据连接词 so 可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with p
32、erfect soil to grow it.”可知，尽管Orleans Reinette 是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选择 B 项。答案 B4猜句意(2016高考四川卷)If you could have one superpower，what would it be?Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds，see through walls，or have superhuman strength may sound silly，but it actually gets to
33、 the heart of what_really_matters_in_your_life.Every day in our work，we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess:the power to make a difference in the lives of others.Q：What does the underlined
34、part in Paragraph 2 refer to?AYour life style.BYour life value.CYour trouble in life.DYour life experience.解析：根据文章第二段的内容“梦想着你会读心术，能洞穿墙壁，或者有超人的力量，这或许听起来很愚蠢，但事实上，这却是你内心深处认为人生最重要的东西”以及三、四段的“to improve the world”“to make a difference in the lives of others”可知，画线部分指的应是“帮助他人、改善世界”的人生价值，故选 B。答案 B点击进入word版：跟踪训练 知能提升把握高考微点，实现素能提升
