1、第1讲名词和冠词特别说明本讲主要涉及名词的单复数和所有格，有关名词的词性转换将在“第6讲构词法”中具体讲解。判定方法应用体验提示词为名词时，分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变，则一般考查所给名词的复数形式；如果作定语表示“的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。(2017全国卷)She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. (2017湖南师大附中模拟)This could be Marys (Mary) motto the expr
2、ession that best captures her spirit.当确定所填词是可数名词时，需要考虑其单复数问题。除了根据上下文语境之外，还可以通过以下信息判断。1.不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。2.有these, those, several, many, all, both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。3.名词前有one of 时用名词复数形式。4.如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。(2017桂林市联考)To them, life is a competition (compete) they hav
3、e to do better than their peers to be happy.(2017山师大附中模拟)She had several illnesses (illness) when she was very young, including pneumonia and headache.(2017绵阳市模拟)It is one of the worlds mostvisited cities (city) in terms of international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system.(2017成
4、都市模拟)The dependence (depend) on mobile devices is even having physical and mental effects.(2017漳州市八校联考)Chances (chance) are that you will receive three different answers.(一)名词复数的规则变化自主练悟谨记规律(2017浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small
5、carrots (carrot) and was about to throw them away.一般在名词词尾直接加s。例如：friend (朋友)friendsnation (国家)nations interest (兴趣)interests change (变化)changesmember (成员)members wing (翅膀)wings(2017湖南师大附中模拟)The new pilot says its never too late to spread your wings (wing) and try something new.(2017河南省天一大联考)I learne
6、d that spies usually hid important letters in an umbrella, in a shoe, or even in a pair of ordinary glasses (glass)(2017银川一中二模)But without sunlight and good soil, soon the leaves began to fall down and the branches (branch) began to dry.词尾是s, x, ch, sh时一般加es。例如：bus公共汽车busesfox狐狸foxes coach教练coaches
7、branch树枝branchesbush灌木丛bushes注意：stomach(胃部)的复数形式是在词尾直接加s。(2016四川高考)Any smell might attract natural enemies (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.词尾是辅音字母y时，变y为ies；词尾是元音字母y时，直接加s。例如：enemy敌人enemieshobby业余爱好hobbiesdifficulty困难difficulties toy玩具toyskey钥匙keys(2017唐山市一模)The 220pound Qizai has beco
8、me a superstar, and many toys (toy) in his color have been made.(2017石家庄市一模)On the other hand, if the water is not hot enough, the tea leaves (leaf) wont open up and you will miss the pleasantly fresh flavor.词尾是f或fe时，多将f或fe变为ves。例如：shelf架子shelvesknife刀子knivesleaf叶子leaves housewife家庭主妇housewives(2017
9、江西省重点中学盟校联考)Tomatoes (tomato) and potatoes took some time to become popular.词尾是以辅音字母o结尾，直接加es；以元音字母加o结尾，直接加s。例如：tomato番茄tomatoeszoo动物园zoos注意：外来词piano与缩略词photo直接加s。(2017四川省龙泉市模拟)They may let you surf the Internet, listen to music and take photos (photo) wherever you are.(二)名词复数的不规则变化自主练悟谨记规律(2017长沙市联
10、考)Many enjoy the opportunity to buy presents because giftgiving offers a powerful means (means) to build stronger bonds with ones closest persons.单复数同形的名词：例如：sheep绵羊deer鹿aircraft飞行器Chinese中国人Japanese日本人means手段works工厂series系列(2017石嘴山市模拟)Of the fifteen children (child) born to the family, only eight s
11、urvived.(2017潍坊市复习过关)In the US, for example, more than 14% of women (woman) between 18 and 34 plan to have just one child.自身有特殊变化的名词：例如：child孩子childrenman男人menwoman女人women tooth牙teethfoot脚；英尺feet mouse老鼠mice criterion标准criteria medium传播媒介mediaphenomenon现象phenomena自主练悟谨记规律(2016全国卷)The teenage year fr
12、om 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.yearyears名词数与格的错用1.可数名词单复数的错用：一般考查错把复数用作单数，偶尔也考查错把单数用作复数。2.不可数名词单复数的错用：不可数名词没有复数形式。3.可数名词与不可数名词混淆：有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。4.误把名词的所有格用作普通格：表示“的”应用所有格形式。(2017全国卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.informationsinformat
13、ion(2014辽宁高考)Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking.timetimes(2017陕西师大附中模拟)It was a long walk to the repairer shop.repairerrepairers(2016全国卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.honesthonesty(2013全国卷)This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.growgrowth(2
14、017宝鸡中学模拟)Young people make their parents angry with their choose in clothes.choosechoices名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用1.该用名词却误用形容词：作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对主语的描述。2.该用名词却误用动词：在冠词、所有格或介词后一般用名词。判定方法应用体验如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。(2017全国卷)But unlike her school friends, 16ye
15、arold Sarah is not spending halfterm resting.Instead, she is earning 6,500 a day as a model in New York. (2017吉林大学附中模拟)The day that you enjoy all the satisfaction of having all the housework done by a robot might still be a few decades off.(一)不定冠词a/an的常考点自主练悟谨记规律(2017山西省实验中学质检)And they talked about
16、turning an embarrassing situation into a sweet one！(2017马鞍山市模拟)But now we have already been standing by this road for over an hour.(2017湖北省七市联考)Unfolded before me was a unique image of this water country the stone bridge and the water flowing, all like fairy tales to me.不定冠词有两种形式：(1)当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为辅音音
17、素(注意：不是辅音字母)时用a；(2)当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为元音音素(注意：不是元音字母)时用an。(2017浙江高考)For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.不定冠词a/an放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物。(2015四川高考改编)Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be a Beethoven.不定冠词a/an意为“某一个”，相当于a certain。(2017皖南八校模拟)It asks you to work out four times a week for ab
18、out two months.不定冠词表示“每”，多用于速度、时间等表达中。(2017南昌市三校联考)Finally, it was a great success which saved lives then, and is still saving lives today.(2017焦作市模拟)I acquired a good knowledge of that after I read the description in the museum.具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。如：a success“一个成功的人或一件成功的事”。(2017菏泽
19、市模拟)The farmer was about to give up when a little boy went up to him and asked to be given a_second chance.序数词前用不定冠词表示“另一个”或“又一个”。(2017黑吉两省六校联考)This has created a “throwaway society” which is a waste of the earths resources.(2017福建师大附中模拟)This simple way of helping people is now making a big differen
20、ce to society.不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如：a waste of浪费 all of a sudden突然地as a rule 通常 as a result of 由于as a whole 总体上 make a difference 有影响(二)定冠词the的常考点自主练悟谨记规律(2017太原一模)A mouse, because of an unlucky chance, made close friends with an evil frog.One day, the frog played a trick on the mouse by tying a foot of
21、the mouse to his own.定冠词the特指某人或某物。(2017陕西省渭南市质检)Smoking is one of the biggest causes of preventable deaths in England.(2017西安市模拟)Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a cave from the English.(2017菏泽市模拟)They may have wanted to hurt you or they just dont see things in t
22、he same way.在最高级或序数词前面或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前面用定冠词the。(2017佛山一中模拟)Soldiers came to rescue those buried under the ruins, and the government provided food, clothes and shelters for the homeless.定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。In the early 1990s, the library was named after the businessman who donated mos
23、t of the money with which to buy it.定冠词用在年代或用于逢十的数词前，也用在表示世纪的某个年代前。(2017甘肃省白银市模拟)New fuel can be used to take the place of gas.(2017沈阳二中模拟)On the whole, Canadian students do have a lot of freedom.定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如：take the place of 替代； on the whole总的来说； on the spot 当场。(一)冠词的错用自主练悟谨记规律(2017全国卷)They liv
24、e far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.第一个aan(2017襄阳市模拟)Studying at an university in the UK has been a good experience for me.ana(2017肇庆市模拟)Im Wang Hong, a international student of Beijing University.aana和an的错用元音音素前用an，辅音音素前用a。(2016全国卷)My uncle says
25、that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.thea(2015全国卷)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents .A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.shop前的athe(2017柳州市模拟)Its the pity that a lot of people still dont appreciate the value of time.第一
26、个thea不定冠词和定冠词的错用表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠词的使用情况。(二)冠词的缺失与多余自主练悟谨记规律(2016四川高考)I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.kitchen前加the(2017衡水中学模拟)To start with, Beijing, the capital of China, is very attractive city with a long history.is后加a单数可数名词前冠词的缺失一般来说，单数可数名词前应有适当的
27、冠词，表示泛指用a(n)，表示特指用the。(2014全国卷)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.去掉flowers前的the(2017成都市模拟)As the time went on, different life forms began.去掉the冠词的多余可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。(2017皖南八校联考)The father was in hurry so he didnt know what was inside.hurry前加a(2017广东省清远市
28、模拟)Im Li Hua and Im writing to apply for the assistant post you advertised on Internet.Internet前加the(2017河北省定州中学模拟)At that time, I was having a trouble studying English and my scores fell.去掉a(2017安徽省淮南二中模拟)But the most important thing is that the number of private cars should be put under the control.去掉control前的the注意常用固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余。
