1、专题一名词和冠词考向预测名词和冠词是中学英语的重要词汇，也是历年高考的重要考点。从近几年的高考试题中，可以发现它们经常放在一起，通过具体语境进行考查。预测今后考点将分布在对不定冠词的考查，定冠词的考查，不用冠词的情况以及一些固定词组中冠词的正确使用。名词则主要会考查：可数名词与不可数名词；抽象名词的具体化；名词的所有格；名词作定语；名词固定习语；和名词与主谓一致等。解答这块试题时，要从翻译的角度去做，如果能够准确地翻译出句子的意思，就能够解答此题；多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题要和语境相联系起来考查。考点定位在高考试题中，名词常结合其他项目一起考查，考查题型以单项选择、短文改错、完
2、形填空、语法填空为主；冠词常出现在单项选择、语法填空（语篇）和短文改错中（近年高考试题中，冠词主要是在语法填空的语篇中进行考查）。考点1 不定冠词的用法1指人或事物的某一类，这是不定冠词的基本用法。A car runs faster than a truck小汽车比卡车跑得快。2表示三餐的名词前有形容词修饰时，用不定冠词。I only want a small supper because of cold由于感冒，晚饭我只想吃一点东西。People usually have quite a good dinner on festivals人们在过节时通常会吃一顿相当丰盛的大餐。3有时在序数词前
3、加不定冠词，表示“再又”She invited him to come to the party a second time她再次邀请他来参加聚会。Then a third boy came to join us接着又一个孩子加人了我们。4不定冠词还可以用于“a most + adj.+n.”结构，注意在此结构中没有表示可比较的范围状语，“most”相当于“very”。Xiamen is a most beautiful coastal city and I11 come for a second time厦门是个非常美丽的海滨城市，我还要再来一次。5不定冠词还可以用于“a+比较级+名词”结构
4、，与否定词连用时，表示“从来没有比这更”，具有最高级含义。I have never spent a more worrying day我从未有过比这更烦人的一天。【典例】 In order to find_ better job, he decided to study _second foreign language.A. the; aB. a; aC. the; theD. a; the【答案】B【解析】第一个空泛指“一个更好的工作”，第二个空的 a second 表示再一个，又一次。 句意： 为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学一门外语。 考点2 定冠词的用法1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事
5、物，这是定冠词的基本用法。The books on the desk were published last month桌子上的那些书是上个月出版的。The factory I mentioned has installed a new assembly line我提到的那家工厂已经安装了一条新的装配线。We were all lost in the beauty of nature我们都被大自然的美所陶醉。2.某些形容词或分词前加定冠词the表示一类人(表示复数)。the homeless无家可归的人；the rich富人；the poor穷人；the blind盲人；the old老年人；
6、the young年轻人；the strong强者；the weak弱者；the sick病人；the wounded伤者。3.在形容词最高级及形容词only(唯一的)，very(正是那个)，same(同样的)等前加定冠词the。This is the most interesting film I have ever seen这是我看过的最有趣的电影。He must be the only student who has ever been to the city in our class他一定是我们班唯一去过那座城市的学生。Thats the very thing Ive been loo
7、king for那正是我要找的东西。4.用在逢“十”的数词前，指世纪的某个年代。in the 1980s/1980s在20世纪80年代5.乐器名称前用定冠词the。She plays the piano best in her class.她钢琴在班上弹得最好。【典例】The education of _ young is always _ hot and serious topic.A. the；aB. 不填；不填C. 不填；theD. the；不填【答案】A 【解析】 第一个空在形容词young 前加the, 特指“年轻人”； 第二个空“一个热门而严肃的话题”。 句意：对年轻人的教育总是一
8、个热门而严肃的话题。 考点3 零冠词1.可数名词复数表示泛指时，或抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时。Where theres smoke，theres fire谚无风不起浪。Many hands make light work谚人多好做事。2.三餐、球类运动、娱乐名称、节日、星期、月份和日期前一般不用冠词，表季节的名词前用不用the意思没有区别。play football/basketball/volleyball踢足球/打篮球/打排球；play chess/cards下棋/打牌；New Years Day元旦(“the Spring Festival春节”例外 )He had nothing
9、 for breakfast this morning他今天早上没有吃早饭。【特别提示】有时在星期、月份和日期前加不定冠词，表示泛指。如：on a Monday在一个礼拜一；a very wet April一个雨水很多的四月。3.在学科、语言、称呼语、大部分疾病名称或表头衔的名词前，不用冠词。I think physics is more interesting than maths我认为物理比数学有趣。Whats the matter，Granny?奶奶，出什么事了吗?Cancer is a terrible disease癌症是一种可怕的疾病。【典例】Mr. Peterson, headm
10、aster of the high school, made speech at the opening ceremony of the competition.A不填；a B不填；the Ca; 不填 Dthe; 不填【答案】A【解析】第一空表示头衔的headmaster作同位语时，其前不用冠词；第二个空make a speech 是个固定短语，意为：做演讲。考点4 对同义词、近义词的考查 【典例】Some tourists visiting Tiananmen Square during the holiday left a _ of litter everywhere they went
11、.A. trailB. dotC. chainD. track【答案】A【解析】 考查名词。A. trail 痕迹； B. dot 斑点； C chain 链、束缚； D .track 足迹、小道。 句意：在假期很多游客参观了天安门广场，留下了遍地垃圾。 考点5 对相似词的考查【典例】The creation of art can fly with the wings of_, but make sure art workers walk on solid earth. A. imagination B. determination C. seriousness D. realization
12、【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A. imagination想象；B. determination决心；C. seriousness严肃；D. realization实现。句意：艺术可以放飞想象的翅膀，但一定要脚踩坚实的大地。故A正确。考点6 考查单词基本义的引申和拓展 【典例】To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values 【答案】A【解析】
13、语境为：要使队员表现得更好，教练员首先得清楚每个队员的优点和缺点。 B项表“利益、好处”，不合题意。而A项除表体力外，还可引申为可数名词something providing force or power优点、强项，符合语境。（60分钟）限时训练经典常规题一、语法填空1.【2017全国卷】As 65._result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.2.【2017全国卷】This included digging up the road, 63._ (lay) the track an
14、d then building a strong roof over 64._ top.3.【2017浙江卷6月考】For Pahlsson, its return was 65._wonder.4.【2016全国新课标II】Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 48. while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.5.【2016上海】Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exh
15、austion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself 36._ number of questions. 6.【2015广东卷】Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned 16._ farm, which looked almost abandoned7.【2017全国卷】This development
16、was only possible with the 69._ (introduce) of electric powered engines and lifts.8.【2017全国卷】She is determined to carry on with her 66._ (educate)She has turned down several 67._ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.9.【2017浙江卷6月考】Last October, while tending her garden
17、 in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56._ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.10.【2015全国卷】In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63._(able) to “air condition” a house without 64._(use)electric equipment.二、短文改错11.【2017全国卷】I
18、 still remember how hard first day was.12.【2017全国卷】They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.13.【2017全国卷】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.14.【2016全国新课标III】
19、At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.15.【2016浙江】Every time he arrived home at end of the day, wed greet her at the door.16.【2015新课标全国II】A woman saw him drying and telling him to wait outside a shop. 17.【2015新课标全国I】Now I am living in a city, but I miss my hom
20、e in countryside. 18.【2017全国卷】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”19.【2017全国卷】Beside，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.20.【2016全国新课标I】My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.高频易错题 一、语法填空（2017湖北省黄冈市新联考高三第三次联考）The Grea
21、t Wall of China is more than 6，000 kilometers long. It winds 1._ (it) way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys 2._ at last it reaches the sea. The Great Wall has a history of over twenty centuries. The first part of it 3._(build)during the Spring and Autumn period. Duri
22、ng the Qin Dynasty, 4._ (keep) the enemy out of his empire, Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls 5._ (join) up. Thus, the Great Wall came into being. The Great Wall is wide enough at 6._ top for five horses or ten men to walk side by side. Along the wall are watchtowers, 7._ soldiers used to keep
23、 watch. Fires were lit on the towers as a 8._ (warn) when the enemy came.It was 9._ (extreme) difficult to build such a wall in the ancient days without any modern machines. All the work was done 10._ hand. Thousands of men died and were buried under the wall they built. The Great Wall was made not
24、only of stone and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.二、短文改错（2017届河南省南阳、信阳等六市高三第一次联考）The other day, some of my classmates and I took a bicycle trip along the “Ren Min Road”, where was specially built for people to relax ourselves. The scenery along the road was fascinating, with tre
25、es, flowers, hills and lakes on both side. We stopped by a lake for a rest, where a good many of people were playing happily. But something unpleasant catch our attention. There was rubbish here or there, and there were many plastic bags and bottles floated on the surface of the lake. Such beautiful
26、 place was so serious polluted. What a shame! In the end, we couldnt help collecting the rubbish after we left.精准预测题一、语法填空(安徽省皖南八校2018届高三第二次联考)I have never understood city-lovers. For me a city is a place to visit for a few hours, to go_41_(shop), to see special exhibitions, etc. But its not a place
27、 to live in,_42_though thousands do. Usually they _43_(tie)to the city by their jobs or perhaps even by family.There are so many advantages to living in the country. It is quiet and healthy. There is far less traffic on the road and the air is much_44_(fresh). Instead of buying everything in packets
28、 from a supermarket, in the country we can always buy fresh food from farms, or village shops every day. The people in the country are always to polite and you will love the _45_ (friendly) of the people, too.On the other hand, there are so many_46_(disadvantage) to living in a town or a city. _47_m
29、ost country people notice is the noise and dirt in the city. And many country people find it hard_48_(breath)in the city. People always seem to be in a rush, which is stressful.There are so many advantages to living in the country that it is _49_(mystery) to me_50_some country people say they would
30、like to live in the city.二、短文改错 (2018届高三上学期晋豫省际大联考（四）) The Spring Festival, a traditional Chinese festival, is now being general accepted by Europeans: schools teach Chinese culture to children, adults attended events, and even businesses take opportunity use the festival for promotion.Many district
31、s in Paris also celebrate the festival. For an example, from Feb. 5th to 12th, at the 13th district, where has a large Asian population, there is a dragon dance, Chinese opera or Chinese food tasting. One of Paris most popular attraction, La Vallee Village, has already decorated their village full o
32、f Chinese New Year symbols. Red flowers and many signs say “Happy New Year” with Chinese can be seen everywhere in the shopping village.参考答案经典常规题1.【答案】a【解题思路】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示“结果是”。结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。2.【答案】laying; the【解题思路】63.考查非谓语动词。此处用lay的动名词形式laying与前面的digging形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明liely
33、ing/lay/lain和laylaying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。64. 考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。3.【答案】a【解题思路】考查冠词。此处a wonder表示“一个奇迹”，所以需要不定冠词a。4.【答案】a【解题思路】考查固定短语。介词短语for a while一会儿, 本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和思维休息一会。5.【答案】a 【解题思路】考查固定短语。短语a number of许多，大量，该形容词短语通常做定语修饰可数名词复数形式，本句中使用a number of修饰可数名词复数形式questions。6.【答案】a【解题思路】考查
34、冠词。名词farm第一次出现，表示泛指，故填a7.【答案】introduction 【解题思路】考查名词。该词在此作with的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词of，故只能用introduction。8.【答案】education ; invitations【解题思路】考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词her，故用名词形式。考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知，此处需要填名词，而且invitation是可数名词，前面有several修饰，故用复数形式。9.【答案】carrots 【解题思路】考查名词。根据a handful of可知，应该有一把小胡萝卜，所以用carro
35、t的复数形式。10.【答案】ability；using【解题思路】结合空格前面的形容词性物主代词their可知，后面要用able的名词形式。 结合空格前面的介词without，后面应该使用v.ing的形式。11.【答案】first前加the或my【解题思路】考查冠词或物主代词。“我”依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指第一天，所以在first前加上the，也可以加上my。my first day表示“我的第一天”。故在first前加the或my。12.【答案】第一个a改为an或one【解题思路】考查冠词用法。名词hour虽然是辅音字母开头，但发音为元音，用an或one均可。13.【答案】pict
36、ure前加this/the 【解题思路】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词this/the修饰。14.【答案】the去掉【解题思路】考查冠词。at first起初，是固定词组，不需要冠词，故把the去掉。15.【答案】 at后面加the【解题思路】at the end of为固定搭配，意为“在结束的时候”。故at后面加the。16.【答案】a改为the 【解题思路】由上下文可知，此处shop是第二次出现，应该用定冠词，故a改为the。17.【答案】 countryside前加the 【解题思路】句意：但是我想念乡村的家。这里countryside是特指，故
37、用定冠词the。18.【答案】 word改为words【解题思路】考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word改为words。19.【答案】informations改为information【解题思路】考查不可数名词。information为不可数名词。20.【答案】 honest改为 honesty 【解题思路】考查名词。此处是指诚实是他成功的秘诀，用名词形式。 而形容词honest意思是“诚实的”，是指人的性格特点。 高频易错题一、语法填空【答案】1. its 2. till/until/and 3. was built 4to ke
38、ep 5joined6the 7where 8warning 9extremely 10by【解题思路】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国长城的有关情况。1.考查代词。 形容词性物主代词修饰名词，故填its。2.考查连词。此处表示并列或者是“直到最后到达海边”，故填till/until/and。3.考查动词的时态和语态。句意：它的第一部分是在春秋时期建成的。根据句意可知用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was built。 4.考查非谓语动词。此处是动词不定式作目的状语，故填to keep。5.考查非谓语动词。此处是过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动关系，故填joined。6.考查冠词。句意：长城的顶部足
39、够宽。此处表示特指，故填the。7.考查定语从句。此处watchtowers是先行词，在后面的非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。8.考查名词。句意：作为一个警告。用名词形式，故填warning。9.考查副词。副词修饰形容词，故填extremely。10.考查固定词组。by hand手工。故填by。二、短文改错【答案】1. wherewhich 2.ourselvesthemselves 3. sidesides / botheither 4. many后面的of去掉 5. catchcaught 6. orand 7. floatedfloating 8. such后加a 9. s
40、eriousseriously 10. afterbefore/ when【解题思路】本文讲述了作者和同学在人民路上骑自行车游玩，看到附近的一个湖上漂满了垃圾，大煞风景，于是作者临走之时和同学一起捡了垃圾。1.此处the “Ren Min Road”作先行词，指物，在后面的非限制性定语从句中做主语，故把 where 改为which。2.句意：建这条路的目的是让人们放松他们自己。 relax oneself 放松自己，根据句意可知把ourselves 改为themselves.3. 句意：在路的两边或在路的每一边。both sides和either side都表示“路的两边”，故本题有两种改法，
41、把side改为sides，或把both改为either。4. a good many+名词复数，意思是“许多”，故在many后去掉of。5. 句意：一些不愉快的事情引起了我们的注意。根据文章开头The other day几天前的某一天，可知此处用一般过去时态，故把catch改为caught。6. 固定搭配：here and there到处，故把or改为and。7. 句意：在湖面上飘着很多塑料袋和瓶子。此处是现在分词作后置定语，故把floated改为floating。8. 句意：一个如此美丽的地方受到如此严重的污染。place是单数，故在Such后加a。9. 副词修饰动词，故把serious改为
42、seriously。10. 句意：最后，我们离开之前或离开的时候，我们情不自禁地捡垃圾。根据句意可知，把after改为before/ when。精准预测题一、语法填空【答案】41. shopping 42. even 43. are tied 44. fresher 45friendliness 46. disadvantages 47. What 48. to breathe 49. mysterious 50. why【解题思路】作者在文中分析了在城市居住的缺点和在农村居住的优势。41. 考查动词形式。go shopping“去购物”，是固定短语。故填shopping。42. 考查副词。此
43、处指城市不是一个适合居住的地方，即使上千人这样做。even though “虽然，即使”，是固定短语，故填even。43. 考查被动语态。句中they和动词tie是被动关系，指这些人由于工作或家庭原因和城市连在一起。在句中作谓语用被动语态，故填are tied。44. 考查形容词比较级。句中far修饰less和much修饰比较级表示程度，此处指新鲜的多。故填fresher。45.考查名词。此处由前面的the限定和后面的of修饰，用名词。指人们的友善，故填friendliness。46. 考查名词。和上文的advantages对应，上段讲在农村居住的优点，本段讲在城市居住的缺点。由many修饰用
44、名词复数，故填disadvantages。47. 考查代词。此处指多数农村人们注意的东西是噪音和尘土，代指什么，故填What。48.考查动词不定式。句中it是形式宾语，hard是宾补，不定式作宾补。指许多农村人发现在城市呼吸困难，故填不定式to breathe。49.考查形容词。此处是形容词作表语，指对我来说是神秘的，故填mysterious。50.考查副词。此处指为什么一些农村人想住在城市里是个谜，此处表原因，故填why。二、短文改错【答案】1. generalgenerally 2. attendedattend 3. use前加to 4. For an example中的an去掉 5.
45、wherewhich 6. orand7. attractionattractions 8. theirits9. saysaying 10. within【解题思路】1.副词修饰动词，故把general改成generally。2.句意：学校向儿童传授中国文化，成年人参加活动，甚至商家借此机会利用节日促销。根据句子结构可知，这里用一般现在时态，adults是其中一句的主语，谓语动词用一般现在式，故把attended改成attend。3. 甚至商家借此机会利用节日促销。此处是动词不定式做后置定语，故在use前加to。4.固定词组：For example例如，故把For an example中的an去掉。5.此处district做先行词，指物，在后面的非限制性定语从句中做主语，故把where改成which。6.句意：有舞龙、中国戏曲和中国食品品尝。此处表示并列关系，故把or改成and。7. One of后跟名词复数，故把attraction改成 attractions。8.句意：La Vallee Village用充满中国新年象征的事物来装饰它的村子。故把their改成its。9.句意：红花和许多用中文说“新年快乐”的标志在购物村随处可见。根据句意可知现在分词做后置定语，表主动关系，故把say改成saying。10.in Chinese用中文，故把with改成in。
