1、Section Grammar & Writing定语及定语从句阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法1The two boys are students.2He is a kind person.3The pen bought by her is made in China.4This is the village where he was born.5He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.一、定语1单个词作定语的位置英语中单个的形容词、数词、代词、普通格名词、分词、动名词和所有格等作定语(attribute)时，通常放在被修饰的词之前。a stone b
2、uilding一座石头砌的大厦faded flowers枯萎的花boiling water开着的水boiled water开水a gone case不可挽救的事Johns house约翰的房子the risen sun升起的太阳the changed world已经变化了的世界the changing world正在变化中的世界2短语作定语的位置英语中的分词短语(participial phrase)、不定式短语(infinitive phrase)、介词短语(prepositional phrase)、形容词短语(adjective phrase)和长度短语(length phrase)等，
3、通常放在所修饰的词之后。He had made a thorough study of all the dialects spoken in Scotland.他对苏格兰所有的方言都做了透彻的研究。The woman holding a baby in her arms is waiting to see the doctor.那个抱着婴儿的妇女正等着医生看病。It was a bolt from the blue.这真是个晴天霹雳。On the top of the hill there is a pagoda about a hundred feet high.在山顶上有一座十丈高的宝塔。
4、This may not be the best book to start with.一开始就读这本书不一定最合适。3多个单词作定语的排列次序英语中两个或两个以上的单词作定语放在中心词前共同修饰一个名词，其基本次序是由小范围到大范围，由次要意义到主要意义，由程度弱到程度强，由一般到专有。意思越具体，物质性越强，就越接近名词。限定词数量词(序数词在前，基数词在后)描绘词大小、长短、高低等形体新旧颜色国籍材料名词the advanced foreign experience外国的先进经验the ancient Chinese writer中国古代的作家the three Japanese cit
5、ies三座日本城市a small round wooden table一张木头小圆桌a young American artist一位年轻的美国艺术家a nice little old black Japanese leather bag一个小的漂亮的黑色的日本旧皮包a lonely white sail一面白色孤帆a round chalkwhite face灰白的圆脸a high steep mountain陡峭的高山a nice long new black British plastic pen一支好看的长长的崭新的黑色的英国塑料钢笔二、定语从句He is the man whom/t
6、hat I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天看见的那个人。Please pass me the book whose cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。The package (which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。三、定语从句需注意的几个问题1只用关系代词that不用which的情况(1)当先行词是不定代词或被不定代词所修饰时All that he wants to do now is to lie down and rest.他现在想做的事情就是躺下休息。(2)当先行词有the
7、 only，the very，just the修饰时This is the very person that Im waiting for.这正是我要等的人。(3)当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时或本身是序数词或最高级时This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最有趣的电影。(4)先行词既有人又有物时Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正谈论的那些人和事吗？(5)在who和which引导的特殊疑问句中Which is
8、 the pen that you lost?哪支钢笔是你丢的呢？(6)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词又在从句中作表语时My hometown is no longer the city that it used to be.我的家乡不再是过去的样子了。2只用which不用that的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中只用which。(2)当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，但在固定搭配中，不能把介词提前。This is the factory in which he once worked.这是他曾经工作过的工厂。This machine，which I have looked afte
9、r for twenty years，is still working perfectly.这部机器，我保养了二十年，仍然运转得非常好。3as和which指整个主句的内容，引导非限制性定语从句的区别as引导的定语从句可以位于句首、句中或句末，which引导的定语从句一般只位于句末；as引导的定语从句常与know，see，report，say，expect，announce等动词连用，并且as在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，可修饰先行词such或the same所修饰的名词；which引导这类定语从句时常作实义动词的主语。当引导的从句与主句之间含有并列关系或因果关系时，一般用which。As we
10、all know，smoking is harmful to ones health.我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。Tom did not pass the exam，which made his mother very angry.汤姆没通过考试，这使他母亲很生气。Dont read such books as have nothing to do with your studies.不要读那些与你学习无关的书。4判断用关系代词还是关系副词(1)用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须用关系代词；而不及物动词则要用关系副词。I will never forge
11、t the beautiful days which we spent together.我永远不会忘记我们在一起度过的美好的日子。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记和你一起工作的那些日子。(2)准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、宾、表、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。名师点津定语从句引导词的选择要由引导词在从句(注意：不是主句)中所作的成分决定。引导词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语，选择关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；引导词在从句中作状语，应选择关系副词
12、(where为地点状语，when为时间状语，why为原因状语)。.单句语法填空1Many young people，most of were welleducated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 【导学号：62192011】2I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise. 【导学号：62192012】3This is the mountain village I stayed last year.4Ill never forget the da
13、ys we studied in Beijing.5Ill never forget the days I spent with you.【答案】1.whom2.whose3.where4.when5.which/that.单句改错1The girl stood at the gate came from Hong Kong. 2The girl seating in the front of the classroom works very hard. 3This is the factory where I visited 3 years ago. 4Mary was late for c
14、lass again，that made her teacher very angry. 5He lives in the house，which door faces south. 【答案】1.stoodstanding2.seatingseated3wherewhich/that4.thatwhich5.whichwhose如何写介绍性的说明文介绍性说明文的书面写作要求简明扼要，逻辑严谨，切忌含糊其辞、模棱两可，更不能出现概念错误或知识性偏差，有以下语言特点：1时态相对较为统一，多用一般现在时；2以主动语态、陈述句式为主，为了表达的灵活性也可以选用其他形式；3恰当地使用过渡词语充分体现时间
15、顺序、空间顺序及逻辑顺序。亮点句式1It plays an increasingly important role in life.2It is of great benefit to us.3It has more disadvantages than advantages.4Some changes have taken place in the past five years.5This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.6From what has been mentioned above，we can come to
16、 the conclusion that.7Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.8We have good reasons to believe that.9However，everything divides into two.10Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.写作任务根据下列提示用英语写一篇短文，介绍东西方餐桌礼仪差异。The differences between Western and Chinese
17、 table mannersWesternChineseArrivingOn timeAhead of timeTableware(餐具)Knife and forkChopsticksWhile drinkingTake only a sipDrink at onceMaking a toastRaise the glassesbut not touchRaise the glassesand touchWhile eatingEat up everything on the plateLeave somedishes on the plateAfter eatingHave some de
18、ssertHave soup or a cup of tea注意：1.词数100左右；2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。审题谋篇体裁说明文话题介绍东西方餐桌礼仪的差异时态一般现在时人称第二、三人称遣词造句.词汇1 餐桌礼仪2 一副刀叉3 敬酒4 提前【答案】1.table manners2.a knife and fork 3make a toast4.ahead of time.句式1You are invited to a western family.You should come on time.(用条件状语从句合并句子) 2It China，it is polite to drink
19、all at once.In the West，youd better take only a sip.(用while合并句子) 【答案】1.If you are invited to a western family，you should come on time.2.In China，it is polite to drink all at once，while in the West，youd better take only a sip.妙笔成篇 【参考范文】The main difference between Chinese and western eating habits is
20、 that everyone has their own plate of food in the West；in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares.If you are invited to a western family，you should come on time；while to a Chinese family you have to be there ahead of time.Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only
21、；while the left hand takes the fork，the right hand uses the knife to cut in the West.In China，it is polite to drink all at once，while in the West，youd better take only a sip.You may raise your glasses，touch them for Chinese；not necessary for the Westerners when making a toast.For the Chinese host，le
22、aving some dishes on the plates means that he has served plenty of food；but for the western host that means the guests dont like the dishes.After the banquet，in China tea is usually served，while in the West，dessert is always done.No matter which country you are in，the safest way is to remember the proverb：When you are in Rome，do as the Romans do.
