1、高考资源网（）您身边的高考专家 版权所有高考资源网-1-强化练(二十一)概要写作专练(一)For the past decade，there have been heated debates about whether our planet is heating up andwhose fault it is.Many scientists，politicians，journalists，and famous entertainers are allsaying thatour planet is in trouble and that human beings are the cause.T
2、hey say we must act now to reduce ouruse of fossil fuels，such as coal and oil，before it is too late.In 1997，a group of scientists ideas wereused to write the Kyoto Protocol(京都议定书)，an agreement that explained our role in the Earths changing atmosphere and set internationallimits for gas emissions fro
3、m 2008 to 2012.Some countries have decided to continue thesereductions until 2020.At the same time，a few governments and some scientists argue there is no evidence thathumans are causing recent changes in climate and weather.These scientists dont think we really needto change our lifestyle；that is，w
4、e should continue to drive，fly and live normally.They presentevidence that proves that the Earth is going througha normal heating andcooling cycle，asitdid throughout its history.So，is there a link between humans and the climate change or not？To reach an educatedopinion，it is important to think about
5、 the people who make scientific claims and what their purposemay be.For example，some say the scientists who warn about global warming are trying to scarepeople in order to get attention and money for their research.And some of them get some moneyfrom companies that produce these fossil fuels.For exa
6、mple，ExxonMobil，one of the worlds biggestoil companies，has spent millions of dollars to support the groups that discredit the idea of globalwarming.Clearly，scientific information can be affected by the interests of individual scientists.When wehear reports on climate change，we must use good judgment
7、 and ask ourselves where the facts arecoming from.We must interpret the research，make informed decisions，and most importantly，participate in the debate._参考范文With intense controversy over the origin of global warming，many people attribute it to humanactivities and appeal for immediate action.(要点 1)On
8、 the contrary，in view of the lack of concreteproof，objectors deny the link between them and doubt the necessity of changing lifestyle.(要点2)With personal interests disturbing scientific objectivity，scientists motivation strongly influencestheir academic preference.(要点 3)Therefore，to have an objective
9、 judgment，it takes both our criticalanalysis of the research and active participation in the debate.(要点 4)(二)Eighty-five percent of the jobs that todays students will do in 2030 dont exist yet，the Institutefor the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number to reach in only 10 years.But
10、thinkabout the non-mainstream careers that did not exist just a handful of years ago:social mediamanager，app developer and cloud computing engineer，etc.What role should colleges anduniversities play in preparing students for a workplace that is constantly changing？Educationalinstitutions are trying
11、to answer that question.“We hope they will not only be prepared for whateverthe job market looks like in 10，20 or 50 years but be the ones shaping it，”said Jenn Stringer，professor at the University of California，Berkeley.Here are some of the approaches theyre taking.Some experts argue that the four-
12、year learning model needs to be rethought in a big way.Theysay education can no longer be seen as something that stops when a person graduates from college.Ifstudents could take a year or two off school，get a job，and then return to school a few years later，the education system would offer true life-
13、long learning and better adapt to changing technology.Fewer employers are willing to train people on the job than the employers 50 years ago，largelyas part of an effort to cut costs.To fill the job skills gap，some courses are offered as an add-on to a高考资源网（）您身边的高考专家 版权所有高考资源网-2-students main degree.
14、For example，the courses may include data analysis，web design and digitalmarketing.The goal is to offer students，a degree aside，some advantages when they seek jobs orpromotions in the future.Otherinstitutionsaretryingtomimic(模 仿)theworkplacewithinthetraditionalclassroom.Several colleges have partnere
15、d with private companies，such as the software companyAdobe，to integrate their products into the classroom.Professors at schools who partner with thecompany are encouraged to use the product for assignments.The idea is that students learn how tocreate a project that can be used in the real world and
16、the“soft skills”such as teamwork andcreativity._参考范文To help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting work landscape，colleges are takingvarious measures.(要点 1)Firstly，life-long and adaptive learning model is expected to replace thepresent 4-year one.(要点 2)Besides，additional training program
17、s beneficial to acquiring practicaljob skills are provided for college students.(要点 3)Moreover，some colleges cooperate withenterprisestomakeclassroomsmorelikeworkplacesandenhancestudentsall-aroundcapabilities.(要点 4)(三)Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our tho
18、ughts，feelingsand behaviors.But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(实证的)basis.They arediscovering how to design spaces that promote creativity，keep people focused and lead torelaxation.Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity.In 2007，JoanMeyer
19、s-Levy at the University of Minnesota，reported that the height of a rooms ceiling affects howpeople think.Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely，whichmay lead them to make more abstract connections.Low ceilings，on the other hand，may inspire amore detailed o
20、utlook.In addition to ceiling height，the view afforded by a building may influence a persons ability toconcentrate.Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids whoexperienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on
21、 astandard test of attention.According to another study at the University of Georgia，using nature toimprove focus of attention seems to pay off academically.It found that students in classrooms withunblocked view of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary，languag
22、e arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parkinglots.A recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim(暗淡的)light helps people to loosenup.If that is true generally，keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increaserelaxation.Researchers
23、of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edgescould help visitors relax.So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings.“We have a very limited number ofstudies，so were almost looking at the problem through a straw，”architect David Allisonsays.“How do you take
24、answers to very specific questions and make broad，generalized use ofthem？Thats what were all struggling with.”_参考范文高考资源网（）您身边的高考专家 版权所有高考资源网-3-Scientists are studying how to design the living places to benefit us.(要点 1)Researches showthat the physical environment，like the height of ceilings，can affe
25、ct peoples creativity.(要点 2)Moregreenness or broader vision can improve ones attention span，and then academic performance.(要点3)Dim light and round-edged furniture bring people relaxation.(要点 4)But so far，similar studieshave been limited to a small scale.(要点 5)(四)US psychotherapist(精神治疗师)Virginia Sat
26、ir(19161988)once said，“We need four hugs a day for survival.We need eight hugs a day for maintenance.We need 12 hugs a day for growth.”Shebelieved that hugging was necessary and important.Researchers have found scientific evidence thatbacks up her beliefs.According to a recent study published in the
27、 journal Psychological Science，receiving a hug can reduce stress and help protect us from illness.In the study，researchers from Carnegie Mellon University(CMU)in the US invited 404 healthyadults to participate in interviews about how often they experienced conflicts in their daily lives，aswell as ho
28、w many hugs they received within a period of two weeks.These participants wereintentionally exposed to cold viruses during the interview.According to the research，people who received hugs on the same days when they experiencedconflicts tended to report fewer negative feelings during the following da
29、ys.They have also foundthat people who received hugs were less stressed out.The physical contact that we get throughhugging，especially from loved ones，is a“marker of intimacy(亲密)and helps generate the feelingthat others are there to help in the face of adversity(困 境)”，according to ScientificAmerican
30、.People feel more comfortable and relaxed after hugging.The researchers have also found that the more hugs people get，the less likely they are to catchcolds，Science Daily noted.When people receive hugs，they release more oxytocin(后叶催产素)，which is also known as the“love hormone”According to the researc
31、hers，this hormone can decreaseones heart rate and lower blood pressure.This can put people into a state of emotionalwell-being.When people are in this state，their immune systems become stronger.Of course，hugging is not the only way to comfort others.But physical contact like hugging cancomfort peopl
32、e without“making any judgments(about right or wrong)”，Michael Murphy fromCMU told Time._参考范文The necessity and significance of hugging is confirmed by a recent study.(要点 1)In the study，participants were asked about their conflict experience and the hugs they received with exposure tocold viruses at the same time.(要点 2)The study shows hugs help avoid negative feelings and relievestress.(要点 3)The study also finds hugging can strengthen peoples immune systems，reducing thepossibility to develop illnesses.(要点 4)Surely hugging is an ideal way to give us comfort.(要点 5)
