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2023届高考英语语法系统:名词及主谓一致讲义.docx

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1、 名词及主谓一致知识点归纳一名词的数1.有些名词,不按一般规则构成其复数形式,有以下几种情况1)单复数形式相同Chinese Chinese; Japanese Japanese; deer deer; sheep sheep2)有些词虽然是以s结尾,但单复数形式相同means; crossroads; works; remains3)通过改变名词中的元音字母来变为复数形式man men; woman women; Englishman Englishmen; Englishwoman Englishwomen; goose geese; foot feet; tooth teeth4)特殊形

2、式child children; ox oxen; mouse mice 注:以+man或woman构成的名词,是将man中的a改为e,构成其复数形式,如:policeman policemen; policewoman policewomen;但German一词不是由Ger+man构成的名词,它是一个原形词,其复数形式为Germans,是在词尾加s构成。 2.复合名词的复数形式有如下的情况1)将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式looker-on lookers-on( 旁观者);editor-in-chief editors-in-chief(总编辑);daughter-in-law dau

3、ghters-in-law; half-brother half-brothers2)如果没有主体名词,就在最后一个词的词尾加sgrown-up grown-ups(成年人);draw-backdraw-backs(缺陷);go-between go-betweens(中间人)3.名词单复数的形式比较复杂,除上述规则外,宜注意掌握好以下的情况1)有些名词一般不用复数形式,但可用复数形式来表达不同的类别fishes各种鱼;fruits各种水果;steels各种钢材2)有些名词的单复数形式表达不同的含义snow雪, snows积雪; two people两个人,two peoples两个民族3)g

4、lass一词作 “玻璃”解时,为物质名词,不可数The cup is made of glass. 作 “玻璃杯”解时,则为个体名词,可数;如I bought ten glasses this morning. 作 “眼镜”解时,须用复数形式glasses.如: a man with thick glasses4)paper一词作“纸”解时,不可数write on paper; 作“报纸”“文件”“考卷”解时,则可数,如: hand in your test papers5)物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词,要根据情况使用单数或复数形式a cup of tea

5、; four pieces of bread; a cake of soap6)有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义time(时间)times( 时代,次,倍数) work(工作) works( 著作,工厂,工事)air(空气) airs( 气派,架子,姿态 ) look(看)looks(容貌)custom(习惯) customs(海关) advice(劝告)advices(消息)arm(手臂)arms(军火) damage(损坏)damages(赔偿金)glass(玻璃)glasses(眼镜,玻璃杯) good(利益) goods(货物)green(绿色)greens(青菜) cloth(布

6、) clothes(衣服)compass(指南针)compasses(圆规) manner(态度) manners(礼貌,习俗)paper(纸) papers(考卷,文件) sand(沙子) sands(沙滩)water(水) waters(水域) wood(木柴) woods(树林)7)用定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式,表示其全家人,或是其夫妇二人。姓氏复数前不加冠词,则表示若干个姓的人The wangs are our good neighbors.王家是我们的好邻居There are three Smiths in our group.我们小组有三个姓smith的。8)只用作单数的复数形式的名

7、词有科学名词:physics; mathematics; politics 游戏名词:bowls(滚木球戏)专有名词:the United States; Niagara Falls 其它名词:news; falls.9)其它注意点某些其它的名词也用复数形式goods(货物); greens(青菜); thanks(谢谢); riches财富; wages工资; earnings收入; saving存款; doings所作所为; winnings赢得物有些名词形似单数,但实为复数,如:police; cattle.不说:a police; a cattle但可以说:a policeman或a

8、policewoman; a head of cattle英文钱币中便士penny有两个复数形式,其中pence是与数字连用时表示一定数量的钱,而pennies是指一个个的硬币,如Please give me five pennies.应译为请给我五个一便士的硬币大写字母及由大写字母构成的缩写形式的复数应在其后加s,如two Fs(两个F字母)A、I这两个大写字母的复数形式为了与As、 Is有所区别,所以应加s如:two As两个字母A小写字母及数字的复数形式应加s。如:three 6s(三个数字6)代替单词的字母重复后成为复数形式。如:pp.9-12(9至12页)二、名词的所有格名词的所有格

9、在句中表示所有关系,作定语用,其构成和用法如下1.名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词, 如果该名词为单数,在词尾上加上“s”,即构成其所有格。“s”含有“的”字之意。如:Toms bike。以“s”结尾的专有名词,在词尾可加“s”“或 “”,构成其所有格。如:Engless (Engles) works2.以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加“ ”构成其所有格,如:a works school建筑工程学校3.不以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加“s ”构成其所有格, 如:Womens Day4.复合名词在末一个词的词尾上加“s”构成其所有格,如:the editor-in-chiefs office总编辑室5

10、.如果一个事物为两个人所有,在后一个名词的词尾加“s”如果不是共有,在两个名词的词尾都要加“s”,如:Tom and Mikes room汤姆和麦克的房间(共有);Toms and Mikes books汤姆的书和麦克的书(不共有)。6.表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之后省去shop;house或home等词,如:the tailors成衣店;the barbers理发店;at my aunts在我姑姑家。7.表示无生命的名词,一般用of短语来表示所有关系,该短语位于其修饰的名词之后,如:the teachers of our school.但表示时间距离国家城市的无生命名词,可以在词尾

11、加“s”或“”表示所有格,如:todays papers, ten minutes walk。 拟人代名词的所有格用“s”。如:Natures works(大自然的杰作)Heavens will(天意)Fortunes favorite(幸运的宠儿)8. 表示有生命的名词也可以用of短语表示所有关系,而且当该名词带有较长的定语时,就只能用of短语来表示所有关系,如:the teacher of the boys who are playing football on the playground.9.of短语+所有格的用法:在表示所属物的名词前如有不定冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用of

12、短语+所有格这一结构表示所属关系,如:an old friend of my uncles注:在无上下文的单句中,用双重所有格(of短语加所有格)或用of短语表示 所有关系都可以,只是侧重点不同如:He is an old friend of my uncle着重说明的是“我叔叔的”老朋友,不是别人的。He is an old friend of my uncles着重说明的是我叔叔有好几位老朋友,他只是其中的一位。要注意的是双重所有格应是独立的,即其后不再接名词, 如果接名词则显得十分不自然如:One of my friends house was burned down last nigh

13、t.(显得不自然)The house of one of my friends was burned down last night.(显得自然通顺)10.其他情况:在某些固定词组或习惯用法中的所有格不可随意推断其意思at arms length保持一定距离 at his fingers ends对某事熟知within a stones throw离得很近 out of harms way安全的地方三.名词普通格作定语1.表材料的名词作定语,说明被修饰的名词是什么原料制成的如:stone figures(石像)/castor oil(蓖麻油)/silk books(丝绸书)/paper mon

14、ey(纸币)/metal pots(金属锅)/plastic sheets(塑料布)/diamond necklace(钻石项链)/gold medals(金牌)2.表地点的名词作定语,说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地方如:country music(乡村音乐)/forest land(森林土层)/post office(邮政局)/nature park(天然公园)/palace ball(宫庭舞会)/space satellites(太空卫星)/table cloth(桌布)/street lights(街灯)/city life(城市生活)/school education(学校教育)/go

15、vernment office(政府机关)3.如果两名词构成部分与整体关系,则表整体的名词可以作定语(常指物)如:river banks(河岸)/cabbage seed(卷心菜种子)/animal bones(动物骨头)/cigarette ends(烟头)/ocean floor(洋底)/school gate(校门口)/overcoat pockets(大衣口袋)/table legs(桌脚)/tree branches(树枝)当我们谈到某特定的东西时,可用of结构来表达.如:the windows of the classroom4.表示用途性质的名词作定语如:coffee cups(

16、咖啡杯)/book stores(书店)/sports shoes(运动鞋)/food factory(食品工厂)/women police officers(女警官)/boy friends(男朋友)/design office(设计工作室)/fruit trees(水果树)/traffic lights(交通灯)/bell rope(铃绳)5.说明有关后一名词内容的前一名词可作定语 如:forest programs (森林规划)/weight problems(体重问题)/science lab(科学实验室)/computer studies(电脑学习)/weather report(天

17、气报)/film industry(电影工业)/wildlife project(野生动物工程)/China Daily(中国日报)/body language(体语言)6.表示泛指的时间名词作定语如:summer holidays(暑假)/winter weather(冬天的天气)/time zone(时区)/evening dress(晚礼服)/morning paper(晨报)/Sunday edition(星期日面)/rooster year stamp(鸡年邮票)/night school(夜校)但表示具体的时间名词作定语,则要用所有格结构来表达如:yesterdays news(昨

18、天的消息)/an hours drive(开车一小时的路程)注:名词作修饰语,一般用单数形式,如:a coffee cuptwo coffee cups. 但如果作定语的是man和woman则中心名词变复数时两词要随着变为复数形式,如:a woman teacher two women teachers; a man driver many men drivers;在个别情况下,只用复数作定语,如:sports meet(运动会)/the United States government(美国政府)/students reading-room(学生阅览室)/goods train(货车)四.主

19、谓一致1.语法一致原则语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语单复数形式上保持一致1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式如:Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.What he said is very important for us all.*由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式如:What I bought were three English books.2)由连接词an

20、d或bothand连接起来的主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词如:Lucy and Lily are twins若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的动词形式就用单数形式如:The writer and artist has come.由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one, many a (an) 修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式如:Every student and every teacher is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes reading

21、 the book.3)主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数形式; 若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式如:Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak J

22、apanese.4)either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词 和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待如:Somebody is speaking in class.Everything around us is matter.在口语中当either 或neither 后跟有of+复数名词 (或代词) 作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词用单数。若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都

23、可以如:None of the sugar was left.None of us has (have) been to America.5)在定语从句里,关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致如:Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.I, who am y

24、our friend, will make every effort to help you.6)有些集体名词如family, class, crow, crowd, committee, population, audience 等,如果指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数形式; 如果指的集体的成员,其谓语动词用复数形式如:His family has moved to the south .His family are watching TV.*People, police, cattle, poultry 等名词多用作复数如:The cattle are eating grass in t

25、he field.7)由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定如:Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外,还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法(用复数),但the number of +复数名词的数就得

26、依number 而定(用单数)如:A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.8)如果主语是由The kind of +名词构成,谓语动词通常用单数形式如:This kind of men is dangerous.如果主语由名词+of this kind构成,则谓语动词由前面的名词决定如:Men of this kind are dangerous.2.逻辑意义一致原则意义一致就是谓语动词的

27、数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)1)What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数,也可以是复数, 主要由意思来决定如:Which are your bags?Are any of you good at English?All that can be done has been done.All have gone to Beijing.2)表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体如:Thirty minutes is enou

28、gh for the work.如强调这类词的复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数形式如:Forty kilos of water are used every day.3)书名、名格言、剧名、报名、国名等的以复数形式出现,其谓语动词通常用单数形式如: “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.4)表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式如:One and a half apples is left on the table.5)算式中表示数字的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式如:Fi

29、fty-six divided by eight is seven.但也可作复数看待,谓语动词用复数形式Nine times two make eighteen.6)一些学科名词是以-ics结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works(工厂) 等都属于形式上是复数而实际意义为单数的名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式如:The paper works was built in 1990.I dont think physics is easy to study.7)trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes,

30、scissors (剪刀), pants, shorts, socks, stockings, gloves ,boots等成对的物品作主语时,谓语用复数;但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时(clothes被a suit of 修饰)谓语动词用单数如:My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed belongs to Jack.但若pair 等量词为复数时,谓语动词也用复数如:The two pairs of trousers are worn out.但这些名词中成对的物品如分开后也可以用单数形式,如:W

31、heres the left glove of your hand?8)“定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人,动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时,动词用单数如:The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.三.就近一致原则1)当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致如:Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right?2)there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

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