1、【二轮专题练】（七）概要写作专项A阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。While it takes time, energy and money that could surely be put to a much more productive use, there are millions of collectors around the world. People collect postcards, chocolate wrappers or whatever they like. Collecting must be one of the most varied hu
2、man activities, and its one that many psychologists find fascinating. Many forms of collecting have been dignified with a technical name: an arctophilist collects teddy bears, a philatelist collects postage stamps and a deltiologist collects postcards.There are people who collect something because t
3、hey want to make money, and this could be called an instrumental reason for collecting, that is, collecting as a means to an end. They will look for, say, antiques (古董) that they can buy cheaply and expect to be able to sell at a profit. But there may well be a psychological factor too: buying cheap
4、 and selling dear can keep the collector a sense of achievement. And as selling online is so easy, more people are joining in.If you think about collecting postage stamps, another potential reason for it is its educational value. Stamp collecting opens a window to other countries and to the plants,
5、animals or famous people shown on the stamps. Similarly, in the nineteenth century many collectors amassed (积累) animals and plants from around the globe and their collections provide a vast amount of information about the natural world. Without those collections, our understanding would be greatly i
6、nferior to what it is.Not all collectors are interested in learning from their hobby, though, so what we might call a psychological reason for collecting is the need for a sense of control and a sense of fulfillment, perhaps as a way of dealing with insecurity. Stamp collectors, for instance, arrang
7、e their stamp albums, usually very neatly, organizing their collections according to certain commonplace principles perhaps by country in alphabetic order or grouping stamps by what they describe people, birds, maps and so on.B阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Work is a very important part of life in the Un
8、ited States. When the early immigrants came to this country, they brought the idea that work was the way to God and heaven. This attitude still influences America today. Work is not only important for the salary, but also for social and psychological working, being productive. For most Americans, th
9、ey are what they do. What happens, then, when a person retires at the age of sixty-five or seventy? Its easy to imagine that retirement is no easy thing. Retirees often feel they are unproductive and no longer needed by others. Once people retire, they may also get into financial trouble. Many peopl
10、e rely on Social Security checks every month. During their working years, employees contribute a certain percentage of their salaries to the government. When people retire, they receive this money as income. These checks do not provide enough money to live on, however, because prices are increasing
11、very rapidly. After retirement, they have to change their lifestyles. They have to spend carefully to be sure that they can afford to buy food, fuel, and other necessities. Of course, not all senior citizens feel sad when they are in face of retirement. Working for so many years, they eventually hav
12、e time to spend with their families or to enjoy their hobbies such as reading, traveling or joining some senior citizen clubs. Some continue to work part time; others choose to do volunteer work like helping young people to get started in new business. American government is taking steps to ease the
13、 problems of retired people. They are building new housing, offering discounts in stores and museums and on buses, and providing other services, such as free courses, food service, and help with housework. It is wise to do so. Retired citizens are an important part of the population and their specia
14、l needs must be concerned about. After all, everyone will be a senior citizen someday.C阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。In recent weeks, a report on the value of homework has been raising concern. In a word, homework for elementary school children is not beneficial. Texas teacher Brandy Young has her own v
15、iew. Instead of filling up the extra free time with sports or extracurricular activities, Mrs Young requested that parents take time to be with their children. “I ask that you spend your evenings doing things that are proven to correlate with students success, such as eating dinner as a family, read
16、ing together, playing outside and getting your child to bed early,” she said.The fact that Mrs Youngs note has drawn public attention suggests just how unusual and appreciated her advice is. But while her advice is rare, it corresponds (符合) with one of the three elements that medical doctor Leonard
17、Sax believes is a forgotten aspect of parenting, enjoying your children.In his book, The Collapse of Parenting, Sax notes that so many parents who are occupied with checking their e-mails and making sure that their child doesnt miss out on opportunities often miss out on the biggest opportunity of a
18、ll: time together. Sax writes: “Enjoy the time you have with your kids. That means no devices at mealtime. When you are sitting at the table together, the focus should be on interaction. Listen to your child and talk with your child. Those who fail to do so send an unintended message that relaxed ti
19、me together as a family is the lowest priority of all.”In modern America, the family unit has fallen into deeper and deeper disorder. The public education system has stepped in to pick up the slack by becoming a substitute “expert parent” who will guide children to success and a functional future. B
20、ut if the recent chaos and low academic scores in the schools cant be solved, such a method isnt working there either. If we want to see improved academic and behavioral success coming out of our schools, are we going to need more teachers and experts like Mrs Young and Dr Sax to encourage and enabl
21、e families to spend more time with one another?D阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。We know about the power of expectations. Here are five ways to maximize their power in your classroom. There is a strange but important difference between aspiration (抱负) and expectation. Aspirations are about wanting to be be
22、tter, while expectations convey a belief about the likelihood of success. Raising expectations has been proven to help pupils, but the same effect cant be achieved by aspirations. The Education Endowment Foundation reviewed on aspirations and found that interventions which aim to raise aspirations h
23、ave little positive impact on educational achievement. But if expectations are set at the right level, to be both challenging and realistic, they can help students to improve their performance and academic achievement.Research suggests that the effect of expectations is mostly pronounced at the star
24、t of the school year or at the beginning of new tasks and topics. This is because students tend to start projects with an open mind about how they should do and they are looking for guidance on how to achieve success. Make sure they hear a positive voice full of belief and confidence that they can s
25、ucceed before their self-doubt starts to come in.Psychologists have calculated that when high expectations are only coming from teachers, they will only help a minority of students. Parents also play a huge role in shaping young peoples opinions on seeing themselves. A recent review on how parents c
26、an help their children succeed at school found that high expectations had the greatest impact. Valuing education and expecting children to succeed convey the importance and likelihood of success in school.A word of caution is needed when it comes to expectations. More is not always better. Evidence
27、suggests that when expectations are unrealistic that is, if they far exceed (超越) a childs ability this can lead to a downturn in academic performance. Furthermore, these excessive expectations can be a source of stress and anxiety for students. When it comes to expectations, it seems that challengin
28、g but realistic should be the guiding principle.E阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。The brown widow spider became established in Southern California in early 2000 and has become part of the local spider family in urban Los Angeles and San Diego. The brown widow spider is continuing its expansion in Southern
29、California and could possibly move northward into Central California.The brown widow is suspected to have evolved in Africa although it was first described from South America, which adds confusion as to where it might have originated. It is a tropical and subtropical spider having established popula
30、tions in Hawaii, Florida, parts of Australia, South Africa and Japan.The brown widow builds its web in protected sites around homes and in woody vegetation with branches. Some typical sites selected by brown widows for web building are empty containers such as buckets and nursery pots, entry way cor
31、ners, storage closets and garages. They choose places that are more exposed than sites chosen by black widows and therefore, appear to be at higher risk for interactions with humans as far as bites are concerned.One recent study demonstrates that the brown widow spider is less poisonous than other w
32、idow species. The reason for the weaker effect of brown widow bites on humans is possibly because the brown widow does not have much poison as its larger relatives, but it is really a threat to humans as to its poison. The two major symptoms of a brown widow bite were that the bite hurt when it was
33、given and it left a red mark.There is no specific information regarding the control of brown widows by farm chemicals. Most current advice is what is used for controlling spiders in general. Therefore, most commercially available farm chemicals should work on brown widows. Avoiding a mess of the hou
34、se and the garage should reduce nest sites for them. Also, one should store garage items in plastic bags where there might be interactions with spiders.F阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Cycling isnt always easy. Busy streets, honking horns, and inadequate bike lanes can make it an uphill battle. But not ev
35、en these difficulties can stop Europeans passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in 26 of the European Unions 28 states last year.There are traditional “bicycle capitals”, such as Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Copenhagen in Denmark. But in many other traditionally car-made co
36、untries, the shift to bikes is striking. Italians, for instance, bought 1.6 million bikes against 1.4 million cars in 2012.So what has led to cyclings growing popularity in Europe?The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue. “The economic crisis has had an effect on all areas of pe
37、oples lives, including on transport,” Giulietta Pagliaccio, head of the Italian cycling federation FIAB, told the Australian Associated Press.Since the European debt crisis broke out in 2009, more people have lost their jobs while the cost of living, including fuel costs, continued to rise. It force
38、d many people to give up driving to save money, the Guangzhou-based New Express commented. Take Greece, a country seriously hit by the crisis, for example. It sold 320,000 bikes last year against 58,000 cars.More importantly, people have changed their views toward cars and bikes. Cars are losing the
39、ir appeal as status symbols. Yet, cycling is now seen as “a safe, clean, healthy, inexpensive way to get around town”, the Daily Star concluded. “It not only reduces traffic jam and pollution, but also contributes to public health.”However, with more and more people turning to cycling, questions rem
40、ain about traffic and safety problems.To ease peoples worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union initiative to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport. Quite a few cities now offer well-marked bike lanes, such as the cycling super-highway marked in blue in London. It run
41、s all over the city, from the center to the suburbs.G阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。A fathers relationship to his childs current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications
42、that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a childs progress or lack of progress in school.A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that
43、 children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992, from the time of their birth through the y
44、ears of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indic
45、ated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of
46、children and financial expenses increases, the fathers apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family, a fathers active participation in the childs development made a definite difference in the childs progress.The
47、study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the childs level in math and reading, a fathers employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the childs academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the fathers
48、 parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.参考答案A【参考范文】Collecting wins the hearts of many people despite the time, effort and money they have to invest. To make a fortune is one of the reasons accounting for the habit of collecting, where a s
49、ense of accomplishment is also granted. Its academic merits are also obvious because people may have a better comprehension of the world with the information their collections provide. Actually, people sometimes just enjoy the feeling of domination and collecting serves as a hobby to resist insecuri
50、ty.B【参考范文】Work plays an extremely important role in American culture, so people find retirement difficult as they may feel useless without jobs. Retirement can also bring financial problems as Social Security checks dont provide enough money. However, some senior citizens feel happy about retirement
51、 as they finally get time to do what they really want. American government is solving retired citizens problems and concerning their special needs, which is wise and necessary, because everyone will get old.C【参考范文】Recently, a teacher named Brandy Young appeals to parents to spend more time with thei
52、r children rather than supervise their homework. Mrs Youngs proposal has caused reaction. Medical doctor Leonard Sax also thinks parents now fail to enjoy their childrens growing up. American education calls for more experts to inspire parents to spend more time with their children.D【参考范文】To make th
53、e students power presented fully as expected, it is important and necessary to give reasonable levels of expectation. Set your expectation at the beginning of the new term of a fixed task. Get parents concerned with the importance of expressing expectation. Be cautious about excessive expectation an
54、d make sure of challenging and realistic expectation.E【参考范文】The brown widow spider, suspected to develop in Africa and live in tropical and subtropical countries and areas, has settled in America and has been found enlarging its population in California. It has a preference for protected places as t
55、heir habitats. Though its less dangerous than other widow spiders, its more exposed to humans. Therefore, what we can do is to use insecticides to control them, and reducing clutter around the house should be another way to get rid of its nests.F【参考范文】In recent years, more and more Europeans prefer
56、riding bikes. For one thing, people cant afford cars because of financial problems. For another, cycling is of great benefit to cyclists themselves as well as the environment for being green low-carbon. Therefore, a certain number of measures have been taken to provide road security for cyclists. G【
57、参考范文】A recent study discovered that a fathers influence played a significant role in the level of the childs academic progress. As is suggested, the fathers involvement with children was affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses. So children who tended to progress academically were those only children. Moreover, a fathers frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the childs progress.
