1、代词上一页一、代词的分类二、人称代词人称代词的主格在句中作主语,宾格在句中作宾语和表语。The light is bad here.I cant see clearly.这儿的光线不好,我看不清。There was nobody to give him at least a word of advice.没有人起码给他一句忠告。上一页人称代词用作表语或单独使用时常用宾格形式。Who is that?你是谁?Its me.是我。Glad to see you again.很高兴再见到你。Me too.我也是。上一页三、物主代词物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词只能在名
2、词前作定语,名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词名词”,在句中作主语、宾语、表语或与of连用作后置定语,但不能独立作定语。My computer has been updated.我的电脑已经升级了。This is your coat.Mine is in the room.这是你的外衣。我的在房间里。上一页四、反身代词反身代词在句中可以作宾语、表语、同位语,不能作主语。They quarreled among themselves.他们之间发生了争吵。Bob is not quite himself today.鲍勃今天感到不适。上一页五、指示代词指示代词有this,that,these,
3、those等。其用法需注意以下几点:(1)指示代词this和these指时间和空间上较近的事物,that和those指时间和空间上较远的事物。This building was built last year,but that one was built many years ago.这栋大楼是去年建的,但那栋是很多年前建的。Those stars are too far away to be seen with naked eyes.那些星星离得太远,肉眼看不见。上一页(2)指上文提到的事一般用that,指下文的事常用this。I shall say this to you:he is an
4、 honest man.我要对你说这一点:他是一个诚实的人。He was ill.Thats why he didnt come.他病了。那就是他没来的原因。(3)打电话时,用this来介绍自己,用that来询问对方,不用I或you。(4)such作代词可单独使用,指如前所述的这样的人或事物,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。Such often occurred in the past.这种事情过去经常发生。Just before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such.正是在圣诞节前他们需要帮手来布置圣诞树之类的东西。上一页(5)单独用
5、the same,可指刚刚提到过的同一个人或事物。The mother swept the floor,and her children did the same.妈妈扫地,孩子们跟着干。上一页六、疑问代词疑问代词有what,which,who,whom,whose等。用法要点如下:(1)what除了可以用来询问人的身份之外,一般指物;which可指人也可指物;who,whom,whose一般指人。Who/Whom are you looking for?你在找谁?Whose is this car?这辆车是谁的?(2)没有一定的范围时,用what,意为“什么”;有一定范围时,用which,意
6、为“(其中的)哪一个(哪一些)”。I went to the supermarket yesterday but I didnt know what to buy.我昨天去了超市,但不知道买什么。Which is better exercisetennis or swimming?网球和游泳,哪种运动比较好?上一页七、不定代词1常见不定代词的用法(1)some;anysome多用于肯定句,修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词,作“一些”讲。它还可修饰单数可数名词,作“某一”讲。Some people are early risers.有些人起得很早。Some person is waiting for
7、 you at the door.某个人在门口等你。any通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句,修饰单数或复数可数名词以及不可数名词。any还可以用于肯定句,作“任何的”讲。Are there any stamps in the drawer?抽屉里有邮票吗?Do you need any further information,madam?夫人,你需要进一步的资料吗?You can get it at any shop.你可以在任何一家商店买到它。上一页(2)either,both,alleither表示“两者中的任何一个”。Either of the brothers is selfish.两兄
8、弟都非常自私。both“两个都”,修饰可数名词,统指两者。Both of them should make concessions.他们双方都应做出让步。all“全部;所有的”,修饰可数名词和不可数名词,指两个以上的人或物。All the students contributed to the fund.所有的学生都为基金会捐了款。Say all you know and say it without reserve.知无不言,言无不尽。上一页(3)no,neither,none,no oneno“不”,可修饰单数和复数可数名词以及不可数名词。There are no clouds in th
9、e sky.天上没有云。I have no money for such things.我没钱买这些东西。neither“两者中哪个都不”,其所指范围是两个人或物。Neither of the two countries is satisfied with the result of the talk.两个国家都不满意会谈的结果。none“没有一个人或东西”,它既可指可数名词(其所指范围是两个以上的人或物),又可指不可数名词。表特指,指数量。回答how many,how much或带有any 的问句。None of this money is his.这笔钱没有一点儿是他的。How much
10、money do you have?你有多少钱?None.一点也没有。上一页no one单独使用只指人,作主语时谓语动词只能是单数形式;用来回答who的提问,表泛指。指物用nothing。Who is absent from class today?今天谁上课缺席?No one.没人缺席。(4)few,a few,little,a littlefew意为“没有几个”,a few意为“少数;几个”,修饰可数名词;a few表示肯定意义,few表示否定意义。The problem is so difficult that few people can solve it.这个问题太难了,几乎没人能做
11、出来。Only a few people can solve this problem.只有几个人能解决这个问题。上一页little“没有多少”,a little“少量”,修饰不可数名词;a little表示肯定意义,little表示否定意义。There is little rainfall this spring.今年春季雨水很少。Although it did not rain for the whole month,there is a little water in the pond.虽然整整一个月没下雨了,但池塘里还有一点水。(5)many,muchmany用于修饰可数名词。Many
12、 of the problems have been solved.大部分问题已经解决了。much用于修饰不可数名词。They have finished much of the work.他们已经完成了大部分的工作。上一页(6)another,other,the other,others,the othersanother指同类多个东西中的“另一个”(即one more)。He went back to work too soon,and was laid up for another three months.他回去上班过早,结果又病倒三个月。other只作定语,常与复数名词或不可数名词连
13、用,意为“其他的”;与数量词连用时常位于数量词之后,表示“另外的个”。I saw Tom with some other fellow students.我看见汤姆和其他一些同学在一起。the other one/ones指同类中余下的另一个或另一些。One of the murderers was caught,but the other one is still at large.一个凶手被抓住了,另一个却依然逍遥法外。上一页others是other的复数形式,指其他的、另外的人或物,不能作定语。We should not think only of our children,there
14、are others to be cared for also.我们不应该只想到自己的孩子,还有别的孩子也需要照顾。the others表示同类中余下的全部。Jenny is cleverer than any of the others in her class.珍妮比班上的其他(任何)人都聪明。上一页2复合不定代词这类不定代词有:everything,everyone,everybody,something,someone,somebody,anything,anyone,anybody,nothing,no one,nobody等。复合不定代词只起代词作用,作主语时谓语用单数;形容词修饰
15、不定代词时,必须置于其后。Someone suggests putting off the meeting.有人建议推迟会议。There is something wrong with the machine.这台机器有点毛病。上一页八、连接代词和关系代词连接代词who(ever),whom(ever),which(ever),what(ever)和关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as主要用来引导从句,这两类代词的用法详见名词性从句和定语从句部分。上一页九、it的用法(1)用作人称代词it用作人称代词,通常指人以外的生物和事物,无阴阳之分;有时可用来代替小孩(chi
16、ld)和婴儿(baby)。Mr Zhang wrote a novel.It is about the miserable life of a young woman.张先生写了一部小说,它是关于一个年轻妇女悲惨生活的。The child smiled when it saw its mother.小孩看到母亲就笑了。上一页(2)用作指示代词相当于this和that。It is a very good translation.这是一篇很好的译文。(3)代表前面已提到的或将要发生的某件事。They were asked to complete the task in two weeks.It i
17、s not an easy job.(it代表前句的内容)要求他们两周内完成任务,这可不是件容易的事。上一页为避免重复,it,one(s),that,those都可以用来代替上文出现的名词,但它们的用法不同。it代替的是前面提到的同一名称的同一事物,即同名同物。所代替的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词。My mobile phone is missing.Have you seen it?我的手机不见了。你看见过吗?上一页one代替的是前面提到的同名异物中的任何一个,所代替的名词是可数名词,其前面可带冠词或修饰语。如果代替复数名词,则用ones。The population proble
18、m may be the greatest one in the world today.人口问题可能是当今世界上最大的一个问题。Which cards are yours?哪些卡片是你的?The blue ones.蓝色的(是我的)。上一页that代替前面提到的同名异物中特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词,其前面通常不能有修饰语,但可以有后置定语。Marys handwriting is far better than that of Peters.玛丽的书法比彼得的好很多。those代替前面提到的同名异物中特指的事物,只能指代可数名词复数,相当于the ones。T
19、he computers in your office are more expensive than those in our school.你们办公室的电脑比我们学校的电脑要贵上一页(4)指时间、距离和自然现象等,此时it在句中作主语。What time is it now?几点了?Its half past eight.八点半。(指时间)Is it very far to the station?到火车站很远吗?(指距离)上一页(5)it用作先行代词it作形式主语it作形式主语可以代替不定式短语,动名词短语和that引导的主语从句。It is necessary for us to le
20、arn something about the use of“it”对我们来说了解一些“it”的用法是必要的。Its no use crying over spilt milk.牛奶泼出了,哭也没有用。(覆水难收。)It appears that Geoffrey might change his mind.杰弗里可能改变主意。上一页it作形式宾语it作形式宾语可以代替不定式短语,动名词短语和that引导的宾语从句。I found it very interesting to study English.我觉得学习英语很有趣。I think it no use telling them.我认为告诉他们没用。They want to make it clear to the public that they are doing an important and necessary job.他们要向公众表明,他们在做一件必须做的重要工作。上一页2it用于引导强调句it引导的强的调句的几种强调情况:要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、宾语、状语)时,通常用“It is(was)被强调部分that(who)句子的其余部分”这种句子结构。强调部分强调人时用who或that强调其他成分时用that。上一页详 见 Word 文 档上一页详 见 Word 文 档