1、板块一复杂多变的动词第1讲谓语动词考点1一般时态一、一般现在时1. 一般现在时的构成一般现在时由动词原形或动词第三人称单数构成。动词be的第一人称单数形式用am，第三人称单数形式用is，其他人称形式均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式用has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则见下表：变化规则例词一般情况直接加shatehates结尾为s，x，sh，ch或o，在词尾加esdiscussdiscusseswashwashesteachteachesfixfixesgogoes结尾为“辅音字母y”，变y为i再加escarrycarriesstudystudies2. 一般现在时的用法(1)
2、表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。He often goes to work by bus, and he takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day.他经常乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天饭后和妻子一块散步。(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作或事件。常见的有go, arrive, l
3、eave, start, stay, return, begin, come, take off等动词(词组)。Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18：20.看看时间表。快点儿吧！4026航班将在18：20起飞。(3)在状语从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。If it is fine tomorrow, we will go there.要是明天晴天，我们就去那里。二、一般过去时1. 一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。规则动词的过去式的变化规则见下表：变化规则例词一般情况在动词后加e
4、dlooklooked以e结尾的动词后加dhopehopedlikeliked以“辅音字母y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加edstudystudiedtrytried以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加edstopstoppedpreferpreferredadmitadmittedpermitpermitted2. 一般过去时的用法表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day
5、, last week, the day before yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。(2020全国卷)The unmanned Change4 probe (探测器) the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess touched down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.无人月球探测器嫦娥四号名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神上周在南极艾特肯盆地着陆。(2020全国卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the ri
6、ver where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.当他问河岸上的村民在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着，指着河的下游。三、一般将来时1. 一般将来时的构成由“shall/will动词原形”构成。其中shall用于第一人称，will用于一切人称。2. 一般将来时的用法表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in一段时间等连用。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。What time
7、 is it?几点了？I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。3. 其他表示“将来”的结构及用法(1)“be going to动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Look, dark clouds are gathering. It is going to rain soon, I think.瞧，乌云正在聚集。 我想快要下雨了。(2)“be to动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。You are to hand in you
8、r papers by 10 oclock.到10点你们得交上试卷。(3)“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。They are about to get married.他们即将结婚。如果表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，要用过去将来时(would/should动词原形)。该时态主要出现在间接引语中。I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I would/should do next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。考点2进行时态一、进行时的构成现在进行时由“am/is/ar
9、e现在分词”构成；过去进行时由“was/were现在分词”构成；将来进行时由“will/shallbe现在分词”构成。现在分词的变化规则如下表：变化规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加ingaskasking以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加ingwritewritingtaketakingfacefacing以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母再加ingcutcuttingbeginbeginningswimswimming以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加inglielyingdiedying二、进行时的用法1. 现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此
10、时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。I hear you are working in a pub. Whats it like?我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？Well, its very hard work and Im always tired，but I dont mind.哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常用于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等动词。Food supplies in the floodstricken a
11、rea are running out. We must act immediately before theres none left.洪灾地区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物被吃完以前马上行动。2. 过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday，at ten oclock yesterday等连用。He must have sensed that I was looking at him. He suddenly glanced at
12、me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that？”他一定感觉到了我正在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼，轻声说：“你为什么那样盯着我看？”(2)表示过去的两个动作中持续进行的一个，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。3. 将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, fro
13、m 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。I cant attend the party because I will be flying to Japan at this time tomorrow.我无法出席那个派对了，因为明天的这个时间我正飞往日本。考点3完成时态一、完成时的构成现在完成时由“have/has过去分词”构成；过去完成时由“had过去分词”构成。二、完成时的用法1. 现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recen
14、tly, in the last/past few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。(2020天津卷)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and has remained around that level since.20世纪90年代初，医学院的数量达到了18所，此后一直保持在这个水平。He has already received three similar invitations this week.本周他已经收到了三个相似的邀请。In the past
15、few years thousands of films have been produced all over the world.在过去的几年里，全世界拍摄了数以千计的电影。(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since时间点； for时间段等。I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？Sorry, I havent played the piano for year
16、s.抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。(3)在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？2. 过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。(2020江苏卷)Instead of getting down to a new task as I had expected, he examined the previous work a
17、gain.他没有像我所期望的那样着手做新工作，而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。(2020浙江卷)By about 6000 BC, people had discovered the best crops to grow and animals to raise.大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。(天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadnt seen for years.沿街走路时，我偶然遇见了戴维，我们已经有好几年没见了。(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去
18、的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before，by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time从句等。It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我做的一切。(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。I had intend
19、ed to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。3. 常使用完成时的句型(1)This/It/That is the first/. timethat sb. has/have done sth. ；This/It/That was the first/. timethat sb. had done sth. 这是某人第一次/做某事。It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。(
20、2)It/This is/was the最高级名词(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。(3)It is/has been一段时间since sb. did；It was/had been一段时间since sb. had done sth. 自从以来多久了。(4)hardly/scarcely. when. /no sooner. than. (一就)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下了。考点4完成进行时一、完成进行时的构成现在完成进行
21、时由“have/hasbeenv.ing”构成；过去完成进行时由“hadbeenv.ing”构成。二、完成进行时的用法1. 现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。(2020天津卷)You are a great swimmer.你游泳很棒。Thanks. Its because I have been practising a lot these days.谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。Im very tired. I have been checking the students papers all the morning.我很累。我
22、整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this morning，but theres no answer.我今天上午一直给他打了多次电话，但都没有回应。现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成，体现动作的结果现在完成进行时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行，甚至仍将继续Ive read Journey to the West.我已经读过西游记了。(已经完成)I have been reading Journey to the West
23、.这些天我一直在读西游记。(仍在进行甚至仍将继续)2. 过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她已经等我一个小时了。(动作不再继续)考点5被动语态一、被动语态的构成被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态的构
24、成形式还有get/become过去分词。各种时态的被动语态形式如下表(以动词give为例)：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式am givenis givenare givenwas givenwere givenshall be givenwill be givenshould be givenwould be given进行式am being givenis being givenare being givenwas being givenwere being given无无完成式has been givenhave been givenhad been givenshall have b
25、een givenwill have been givenshould have been givenwould have been given被动语态的使用场合：(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。(2020全国卷)“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constr
26、ucted.”“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家Carle Pieters说：“因为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。”(2020全国卷)The artist was sure he would be chosen, but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister, the old man laughed.这位画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作递交给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。(2020浙江卷)And, as more children were born, more food
27、was needed.并且，随着越多的孩子出生，需要越多的食物。It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.据报道，在未来的几年内月球上将建成一个空间站。In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut.在我的家乡，当所有的麦子被收割后，农民们总是会享受一顿收获的晚餐。With many forests being destroyed,
28、huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥沃的泥土被冲走。(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的：have有； cost花费； lack缺少； own拥有； belong to属于； take part in参加。(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的：happen/take place/occur发生； remain剩下； break out爆发； last持续； come out出版； come up被提出； lose heart失去信心； date fro
29、m/back to追溯到； run out用完。二、get构成的表示被动的短语：get paid/lost/hurt等We get paid by the week.我们按周获得薪酬。三、主动形式表示被动意义1. “系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。2. 当sell，rea
30、d，cut，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动意义。Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.你买最近销量很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。3. 在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs r
31、epairing/to be repaired.这房子需要修理。4. 在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible, pleasant, interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出结果。5. be to rent/blame主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?谁应为此错误承担责任呢？考点6虚拟语气一、if条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟条件句虚
32、拟情况主句从句与现在事实相反主语should/would/could/mightdoif主语过去式(be动词用were)与过去事实相反主语should/would/could/mighthave doneif主语had过去分词与将来事实可能相反主语should/would/could/mightdoif主语过去式/were to do/should doIf the new safety system had been put to use, the accident would never have happened.要是新的安全系统被投入使用的话，这起事故就不会发生了。We would b
33、e back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.如果你没有把地图丢了的话，我们现在就回到旅馆了。Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often.格蕾丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为如果住在那里，她就不能经常看到她的父母了。(1)如果在表示虚拟语气的if从句中含有were, had或should，可将if省略，然后将were, had
34、或should移至主语之前。(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。二、含蓄条件句的虚拟语气有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语：without(要是)没有； but for要不是； otherwise/or否则等。Do you have Bettys phone number?你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？Yes. Otherwise，I wouldnt have been able to reach her yesterday.有，不然我昨天就联系不上她了。
35、三、 虚拟语气在从句中的运用1. 在名词性从句中的运用(1)在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后的宾语从句中，以及这些动词的名词形式后面的同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。常见的此类动词有insist, order, command, require, demand, request, suggest, advise, propose, recommend。They request that all the cleaning work (should) be finished this morning.他们要求今天早晨完成所有的清洁工作。当suggest作“暗示，表明
36、”，insist作“坚持认为”讲时，从句要用陈述语气。(2)在“It is/wasadj./donethat. ”句型中，从句中的谓语动词用(should)动词原形。常见的形容词或过去分词：important, necessary, strange, suggested, ordered, advised, requested, demanded等。It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。It is required that middle school students (should)
37、take at least one hours exercise every day.中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。(3)wish后的宾语从句中的谓语可用一般过去时，had过去分词和could/might/would动词原形，分别表示与现在、过去相反的情况和与将来情况可能相反。I wish that I had met that film star yesterday.我真希望昨天见到那个影星。(4)would rather所接的宾语从句中，从句的谓语如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生过的动作，从句用过去完成时。We would rather our
38、daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.我们宁愿女儿待在家，陪在我们身边，但是选择权在她手上，毕竟她不再是个孩子了。2. 三个固定句式中的虚拟语气虚拟情况句式虚拟现在虚拟过去虚拟将来if only引导的条件句及感叹句过去式had过去分词would/could/might动词原形as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句过去式had过去分词would/could/might动词原形It is (high)time that. 过去式或should动词
39、原形It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had done it?打破窗户的是约翰。为什么你说得好像是我打破的似的？It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem.确实到了我们应该采取一些措施解决问题的时候了。当as if/though引导的句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。考点7主谓一致一、语法一致1. 不定式、动名词和名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。w
40、hat引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于作表语的名词的单复数。Swimming in rivers in summer is a good sport, but to swim in rivers in winter needs great willpower.夏天在河里游泳是很好的运动，但冬天在河里游泳需要极大的意志力。What he has said leaves much for us to think about.他说的话发人深省。2. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Three thousand dollars is q
41、uite a lot of money for a boy.对一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。3. 如果主语后面带有as well as，with，along with，together with，rather than，but，except，besides，including, in addition to, in common with等加其他名词时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。Modern teaching equipment as well as hundreds of computers was sent to the village school last wee
42、k.上周现代化的教学设备和几百台电脑被送到了那所乡村学校。二、意义一致1. “分数/百分数/a lot of/plenty of/the rest of/the majority of/half of/most of/some of. 名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由短语中的名词来确定。The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。quantities of后无论是可数名
43、词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。2. “the形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand，the old always consider the young inexperienced.一方面，年轻人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为年轻人缺乏经验。3. people, police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；family, team, class, audience等作主语时，若指一个整体
44、，谓语动词用单数形式；若指组成集体的成员，则用复数形式。The family as well as their dog were trapped on the roof by the flood yesterday.昨天那家人还有他们的狗都被洪水困在屋顶。4. “a number of名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，意为“许多”；“the number of名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意为“的数量”。(2021吉林模拟)The number of people invited was fifty，but a number of them were absent for di
45、fferent reasons.受到邀请的总共有50人，但其中有一些人因为各种原因而缺席。三、就近一致1. 由or，nor, either. or., neither. nor., not only. but also., not. but. 等连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数常和它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。(2021遵义模拟)Not only John and Tom but also their sister, Mary, takes great interest in the piano lessons.不仅是约翰和汤姆，就连他们的妹妹玛丽，也对钢琴课有极大的兴趣。2. 在倒装句中
46、谓语动词的单复数形式常与后面最接近的主语一致。In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。3. there be 句型中，主语是两个或多个并列名词时，be的形式与最邻近的主语保持一致。There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in my new office.在我的新办公室里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。. 单句语法填空1. (2021江苏省南通等苏北七市联考)When Stanley finally m
47、ade it to the lecture hall, the professor had delivered (deliver) his speech for half an hour.2. (2020天津河北区高三一模)I jumped with joy the moment I received (receive) my drivers license in the mail.3. (2020天津和平区一模)Charlies wheelchair was running (run) out of power. He drove it into my office and looked f
48、or a place to charge it.4. (2020天津市和平区高三线下第一次模拟考试)Poor Mr Perkins had to wait patiently until his car was the only one that was left (leave) in the parking lot.5. (2020江苏省南京市高三第三次模拟)Do you like your new place?Yes, I do. But its a little far from my college, and the traffic is killing (kill) me.6. (2
49、020天津市河西区高三二模)Delete the short message at once! Many a man has been cheated (cheat) by such tricks up to now.7. (2020广东广州模拟)In the early 1960s, over 350 foresters were sent (send) to this area to fight the desert.8. (2020山西百日冲刺模拟)The qualities of whisky come from the water which is used (use) to mak
50、e it the rich “peaty” water of Scotland.9. (2020云南玉溪模拟)At the end of December, the librarys old and classic books will be put (put) online too, making the total number of books available and bringing borrowers a lot of convenience.10. This is the only one of the oldest customs that has been kept (ke
51、ep) up in this district up to now.11. By the time you have finished reading this book, your meal will get (get) cold.12. If we hadnt made (make) adequate preparations，the conference wouldnt have been so successful. 语篇语法填空(2020江西五校协作体联考)As China 1. _ (join) the ranks of middle income countries, the d
52、emand for health services has increased accordingly. Internet Plus Healthcare can help reduce the problem of inaccessible and expensive public health services 2. _ have long been a big concern for the general public.One decision, 3. _ (come) out of the meeting says the intelligent review of health i
53、nsurance will be applied 4. _ that the onestop settlement will be advanced. The realtime sharing 5. _ prescription(处方)and drug retail sales will be explored as well.“We must waste no time in 6. _ (push) forward with the measures once the decision is made，” the premier said. “In recent years, topleve
54、l hospitals in major cities have seen steady increases in the number of 7. _ (patient). Medical bills have become 8. _ heavy burden on families and highend medical resources still fall short of meeting the growing demand of the public.”To solve the problem, a twopronged (双管齐下的) approach must be take
55、n. One is to establish medical partnerships to 9. _ (strength) cooperation between major hospitals and community clinics. The 10. _ is to bring forward Internet Plus Healthcare to promote the sharing of quality medical resources.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了互联网医疗的相关信息。在中国，随着经济的发展，人们对医疗服务的需求也在日益增加，因此“互联网医疗健康”
56、这种模式日益普及化。1. joins考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时，从句主语为China，所以动词用第三人称单数形式，故填joins。2. which/that考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，先行词为the problem of inaccessible and expensive public health services，指物，故填which/that。3. coming考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填非谓语动词，One decision和come之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故填coming。4. and
57、考查连词。分析句子结构可知，动词says后连接了两个并列的宾语从句，其中第一个引导词that被省略了，第二个引导词that 没有被省略，两个宾语从句之间缺少连词，故填and。5. of考查介词。of表示所属结构，意为“的”，根据语境可知，这里表示“处方的实时分享”，故填of。6. pushing考查非谓语动词。设空处作介词in的宾语，应用动名词形式，故填pushing。7. patients考查名词的单复数。“the number of可数名词复数”为固定短语，意为“的数量”，故填patients。8. a考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处泛指“一个沉重的负担”，且此空后的形容词heavy以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。9. strengthen考查词性转换。设空前的to是不定式符号，表示目的，其后应用动词原形，故填 strengthen。10. other考查代词。one is. the other is.为固定用法，意为“一个是，另一个是”，故填other。
